Developmental Psychology Unit 2 Flashcards
What happens to a child’s appetite between 2 and 6?
Reduced appetite
How are gross motor skills acquired?
Practice, feedback, and involvement of learner
Secondary prevention
Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation
Primary prevention
Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance
Tertiary prevention
Actions limiting damage after an adverse event
A 6-year-old’s brain is what percent of the adult brain’s weight?
90%
Myelination
Ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession
Preoperational intelligence
Piaget’s 2nd period of cognitive development between ages 2-6, includes language and imagination
Static reasoning
Nothing changes, whatever is now has always been and always will be
Symbolic thought
An object or word can stand for something else, including something out of sight or imagined
Animism
Belief that natural objects are alive and that nonhuman animals have the same characteristics as the child
Centration
Tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of all others
Egocentrism
Tendency to think about the world entirely from own perspective
Focus on appearance
Tendency to focus on appearance to the exclusion of other attributes
Irreversibility
Thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred
Conservation
Notion that the amount of something remains the same despite changes in its appearance
According to Vygotsky, a child’s first mentor is who?
Parent
Zone of proximal development
Intellectual arena in which new ideas and skills can be mastered
Scaffolding
A sensitive support for new ideas and skills
Guided participation
Child interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task
Private speech
Internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves
Executive function
Cognitive ability to organize and prioritize the many thoughts that arise from various parts of the brain, allowing the person to anticipate, strategize, and plan behavior
Industry vs. inferiority
Children attempt to master many skills; 4th stage 6-11
Initiative vs. guilt
Young children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them; 3rd stage 2-6
Emotional regulation
Ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
Imaginary friends are an example of?
Intrinsic motivation
Authoritarian parenting
Characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication from child to parent
Permissive parenting
Characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control
Authoritative parenting
Characterized by parents setting limits and enforcing rules but are flexible and listen to their children
Neglectful/uninvolved parenting
Characterized by parents seeming indifferent toward their children, not knowing or caring about their children’s lives
Prosocial behavior
Actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them
Instrumental aggression
Hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has
Reactive aggression
An impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental hurtful action
Relational aggression
Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people
Bullying aggression
Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves
Antipathy
Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person
Gender binary
Idea that gender comes in two forms, male and female
Gender similarities hypothesis
Idea that our human emphasis on sex differences blinds us to the reality that the sexes have far more in common than traditional theories recognize
Id
Instinctive, unconscious, pleasure principle
Ego
Rational, conscious, reality principle
Superego
Moral, conscience/subconscious, morality principle
Oedipal complex
Boy’s desire for sexual involvement with mother and a sense of rivalry with father
Electra complex
Girl’s attraction to father and a sense of competition with mother
Benefits of physical activity
Advances physical, emotional, and mental health
Which statement about the difference between a 4-year-old and a 9-year-old is true?
A 9-year-old can use mental categories more flexibly, inductively, and simultaneously, whereas a 4-year-old is unable to do so
Concrete operational thought
Ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions; 6-11
Knowledge base
Broad body of knowledge in a particular subject
Information processing theory
How our brains filter and embed information
Metacognition
Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes
Working memory
Memory that is active at any given moment
Childhood obesity
BMI above 95th percentile for children of a particular age
Asthma
A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing
More than people of any other age, children between the ages of 6 and 11 are?
Industrious, practicing skills valued by their culture
Latency
Freud’s period of reduced sexuality; 6-11
Child culture
Customs, rules, and rituals that are passed down to younger children from older children, with no thought about the origins or implicaitons
Family function
How the people in a family actually care for each other
Family structure
Legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home
Extended family
Relatives in addition to parents and children who live in one household
Family-stress model
Holds that any risk factor damages a family if, and only if, it increase stress on the parents, making them less patient and responsive to the children
Aggressive-rejected
Disliked because they are antagonistic and confrontational
Withdrawn-rejected
Disliked because they are timid and anxious
Preconventional moral reasoning
Kohlberg’s first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishment
Conventional moral reasoning
Kohlberg’s second level of moral reasoning, emphasizing social rules
Postconventional moral reasoning
Kohlberg’s third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles
According to the text, what method is MOST effective in stopping bullying in schools?
Have children talk to the bully instead of adults
Self-concept
Idea about themselves
ADHD
Condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or by hyperactive or impulsive behaviors
Specific learning disorder
Problems that cause low achievement in reading, math, or writing not marked by a physical or intellectual disability, or by an unusually stressful home environment
Dyslexia
Unusual difficulty with reading
Dyscalculia
Unusual difficulty with math
Dysgraphia
Difficulty in writing
Autism
Marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction
