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Developmental Psychology > Developmental Psychology Unit 2 > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to a child’s appetite between 2 and 6?

A

Reduced appetite

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2
Q

How are gross motor skills acquired?

A

Practice, feedback, and involvement of learner

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3
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation

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4
Q

Primary prevention

A

Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance

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5
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Actions limiting damage after an adverse event

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6
Q

A 6-year-old’s brain is what percent of the adult brain’s weight?

A

90%

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7
Q

Myelination

A

Ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession

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8
Q

Preoperational intelligence

A

Piaget’s 2nd period of cognitive development between ages 2-6, includes language and imagination

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9
Q

Static reasoning

A

Nothing changes, whatever is now has always been and always will be

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10
Q

Symbolic thought

A

An object or word can stand for something else, including something out of sight or imagined

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11
Q

Animism

A

Belief that natural objects are alive and that nonhuman animals have the same characteristics as the child

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12
Q

Centration

A

Tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of all others

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13
Q

Egocentrism

A

Tendency to think about the world entirely from own perspective

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14
Q

Focus on appearance

A

Tendency to focus on appearance to the exclusion of other attributes

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15
Q

Irreversibility

A

Thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred

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16
Q

Conservation

A

Notion that the amount of something remains the same despite changes in its appearance

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17
Q

According to Vygotsky, a child’s first mentor is who?

A

Parent

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18
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Intellectual arena in which new ideas and skills can be mastered

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19
Q

Scaffolding

A

A sensitive support for new ideas and skills

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20
Q

Guided participation

A

Child interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task

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21
Q

Private speech

A

Internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves

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22
Q

Executive function

A

Cognitive ability to organize and prioritize the many thoughts that arise from various parts of the brain, allowing the person to anticipate, strategize, and plan behavior

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23
Q

Industry vs. inferiority

A

Children attempt to master many skills; 4th stage 6-11

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24
Q

Initiative vs. guilt

A

Young children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them; 3rd stage 2-6

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25
Q

Emotional regulation

A

Ability to control when and how emotions are expressed

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26
Q

Imaginary friends are an example of?

A

Intrinsic motivation

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27
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A

Characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication from child to parent

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28
Q

Permissive parenting

A

Characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control

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29
Q

Authoritative parenting

A

Characterized by parents setting limits and enforcing rules but are flexible and listen to their children

30
Q

Neglectful/uninvolved parenting

A

Characterized by parents seeming indifferent toward their children, not knowing or caring about their children’s lives

31
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them

32
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

Hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has

33
Q

Reactive aggression

A

An impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental hurtful action

34
Q

Relational aggression

A

Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people

35
Q

Bullying aggression

A

Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves

36
Q

Antipathy

A

Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person

37
Q

Gender binary

A

Idea that gender comes in two forms, male and female

38
Q

Gender similarities hypothesis

A

Idea that our human emphasis on sex differences blinds us to the reality that the sexes have far more in common than traditional theories recognize

39
Q

Id

A

Instinctive, unconscious, pleasure principle

40
Q

Ego

A

Rational, conscious, reality principle

41
Q

Superego

A

Moral, conscience/subconscious, morality principle

42
Q

Oedipal complex

A

Boy’s desire for sexual involvement with mother and a sense of rivalry with father

43
Q

Electra complex

A

Girl’s attraction to father and a sense of competition with mother

44
Q

Benefits of physical activity

A

Advances physical, emotional, and mental health

45
Q

Which statement about the difference between a 4-year-old and a 9-year-old is true?

A

A 9-year-old can use mental categories more flexibly, inductively, and simultaneously, whereas a 4-year-old is unable to do so

46
Q

Concrete operational thought

A

Ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions; 6-11

47
Q

Knowledge base

A

Broad body of knowledge in a particular subject

48
Q

Information processing theory

A

How our brains filter and embed information

49
Q

Metacognition

A

Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes

50
Q

Working memory

A

Memory that is active at any given moment

51
Q

Childhood obesity

A

BMI above 95th percentile for children of a particular age

52
Q

Asthma

A

A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing

53
Q

More than people of any other age, children between the ages of 6 and 11 are?

A

Industrious, practicing skills valued by their culture

54
Q

Latency

A

Freud’s period of reduced sexuality; 6-11

55
Q

Child culture

A

Customs, rules, and rituals that are passed down to younger children from older children, with no thought about the origins or implicaitons

56
Q

Family function

A

How the people in a family actually care for each other

57
Q

Family structure

A

Legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home

58
Q

Extended family

A

Relatives in addition to parents and children who live in one household

59
Q

Family-stress model

A

Holds that any risk factor damages a family if, and only if, it increase stress on the parents, making them less patient and responsive to the children

60
Q

Aggressive-rejected

A

Disliked because they are antagonistic and confrontational

61
Q

Withdrawn-rejected

A

Disliked because they are timid and anxious

62
Q

Preconventional moral reasoning

A

Kohlberg’s first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishment

63
Q

Conventional moral reasoning

A

Kohlberg’s second level of moral reasoning, emphasizing social rules

64
Q

Postconventional moral reasoning

A

Kohlberg’s third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles

65
Q

According to the text, what method is MOST effective in stopping bullying in schools?

A

Have children talk to the bully instead of adults

66
Q

Self-concept

A

Idea about themselves

67
Q

ADHD

A

Condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or by hyperactive or impulsive behaviors

68
Q

Specific learning disorder

A

Problems that cause low achievement in reading, math, or writing not marked by a physical or intellectual disability, or by an unusually stressful home environment

69
Q

Dyslexia

A

Unusual difficulty with reading

70
Q

Dyscalculia

A

Unusual difficulty with math

71
Q

Dysgraphia

A

Difficulty in writing

72
Q

Autism

A

Marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction

Developmental Psychology (4 decks)

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