Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define nature and nurture.

A

Nature – sets out their course via gender, genetics, temperament and maturational stages
Nurture – shapes this predetermined course via the environment, parenting, stimulation and nutrition

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2
Q

Define temperament.

A

Innate aspects of an individual’s personality, such as introversion/extroversion

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3
Q

What is reciprocal socialisation?

A

Socialisation is bidirectional, children socialise parents as much as parents socialise children

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4
Q

Outline the stages of the development of attachment.

A

0-3 months = infants prefer people to inanimate objects –indiscriminate proximity seeking e.g. clinging
3-8 months = smile discriminantly at main caregivers
8-12 months = selectively approaches main caregivers – use social referencing/familiar faces as a secure base to explore new situations –shows fear of strangers and separation anxiety
12+ months = attachment behaviour is measured reliably

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5
Q

What are the two types of attachment?

A

Secure attachment – the baby freely explores the room and shows happiness on mother’s return
Insecure attachment – little exploration and little emotional response to mother

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6
Q

How is attachment assessed?

A

Ainsworth’s strange situation test - it tests how babies and young children respond to the temporary absence of their mother
It is interested in two things:
- How much the child explores the room on their own
- How the child responds to the return of the mother

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7
Q

Describe Piaget’s model of cognitive development.

A
Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years) 
- Infants understand the world primarily through sensory experiences and physical (motor) interactions with objects 

Preoperational stage (2-7 years)

  • World is represented symbolically through words and mental images
  • There is no understanding of basic mental operations or rules

Concrete operational stage (7-12 years)
- Children can perform basic mental operations concerning problems that involve tangible (concrete) objects and situations

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