Developmental Psychology

Question 1

British Empiricist school of thought

Answer 1

Thomas Hobbes, George Berkley David Hume, James Mill and John Stuart Mill. They believed all knowledge is gained through experience

Question 2

tabula rosa

Answer 2

blank slate. a child’s mind is a blank slate at birth. coined by John Locke

Question 3

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 3

society was not necessary for development and it was a detriment to optimal development. He wrote a child raising book called Emile: concerning education and was very controversial

Question 4

Charles Darwin

Answer 4

evoution

Question 5

functionalist system of thought

Answer 5

the mind helped the individual adapt to the environemnt

Question 6

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 6

“the father of developmental psychology” influenced by Darwin and evolutionary theory. one of the first people to do empirical studies on children

Question 7

John Watson

Answer 7

wrote an article “psychology as the behaviorist views it”
he believed the importance of environmental influences on child development. He believed emotions and thoughts were acquired through learning.

Question 8

Arnold Gesell

Answer 8

believed that development occurred as a maturational(or biological process) regardless of practice or training. he believed development was biologically based and a developmental blueprint existed from birth.

Question 9

cognitive structuralists

Answer 9

great influenced by Jean Piaget. children are influenced by their own development

Question 10

What methods are most commonly used in developmental psychology?

Answer 10

cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential cohort studies

Question 11

Cross sectional

Answer 11

compare groups of subjects at different ages

Question 12

longitudinal studies

Answer 12

follow a specific group of people over an extended period of time

Question 13

sequential cohort studies

Answer 13

combine cross sectional and longitudinal, several groups of different ages are studied over several years.

Question 14

Gregor Mendel

Answer 14

initiated the study of genetics

Question 15

Gene

Answer 15

hypothesized the existence of the gene from breeding pea plants

Question 16

allele

Answer 16

an alternative form of a gene

Question 17

how many alleles does a gene have?

Answer 17

two

Question 18

Genotype

Answer 18

total genetic makeup of an individual

Question 19

phenotype

Answer 19

total collection of expressed traits that constitute individuals observable characteristics.

Question 20

chromosomes

Answer 20

formed by long strands of DNA

Question 21

R.C. Tyron

Answer 21

inheritance of maze running ability. selectively breed maze bright and maze dull rats and proved that learning ability has a genetic basis.

Question 22

What types of studies are better able to distinguish the relative effects of environment and genetics?

Answer 22

monozygotic and dizygotic twins

Question 23

Lewis Terman

Answer 23

study compared a group of children with high IQs(135 and above) with groups of children typical of the general population to discover similarities and differences. Longitudinal study that studied gifted children

Question 24

Down’s syndrome

Answer 24

a genetic disorder where the individual has an extra 21st chromosome. these individuals have varying levels of disability. Older parents have increased risk for children with DS

Question 25

Phenylketonuria(PKU)

Answer 25

genetic disorder that is a degenerative disease of the nervous system. enzyme needed to digest milk is lacking. PKU was the first genetic disease that could be tested in large populations.

Question 26

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 26

in male’s the possession of an extra X chromosome. these males have XXY configuration. They are sterile and often have intellectual disability

Question 27

Turner’s syndrome

Answer 27

females with only one X chromosome. they have physical abnormalities such as short fingers and unusually shaped mouths.

Question 28

Gametes

Answer 28

human sex cells

Question 29

Zygote or fertilized egg

Answer 29

the sperm cell fertilizes the egg and forms a single cell

Question 30

germinal period

Answer 30

lasts approximately two weeks from time of inception.

Question 31

embryonic stage

Answer 31

lasts eight weeks. embryo increases by 2 million percent

Question 32

fetal period

Answer 32

takes place during the 3rd month. is marked by the beginning of electrical activity in the brain

Question 33

What is considered to be the leading cause of abnormal development?

Answer 33

mother malnourishment

Question 34

rooting

Answer 34

infants automatically turn their heads in the direction of stimuli applied to the cheek

Question 35

moro

Answer 35

infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms and extending their fingers, basically hugging themselves

Question 36

Babinski

Answer 36

infants toes spread apart when the soles of their feet are stimulated

Question 37

grasping

Answer 37

infants automatically close their fingers around objects placed in their hands

Question 38

Jean piaget

Answer 38

insisted there are qualitative differences between adult and childhood thought.Believed in four stages of cogntiive development. He believed that cognitive growth is a continuous process that begins at birth and proceeds through these stages.

Question 39

schemata

Answer 39

organized patterns of behavior or thought. behavioral schemata are characterized by action tendencies. Older children develop operational schemata characterized by more abstract representations of cognition

Question 40

Piaget’s adaptation

Answer 40

adaptation takes place through two complementary processes assimilation and accommodation.

Question 41

assimilation

Answer 41

process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata

Question 42

accomodation

Answer 42

when new information doesn’t fit into an existing schmeta, it is the process of modifying existing schemata to adapt new info

Question 43

Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development

Answer 43

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. “stupid piaget creates fuss”

Question 44

sensorimotor stage

Answer 44

first stage. birth to 2. primary and secondary circular reactions–infant begins to coordinate separate aspects of movement.

Question 45

Object permanence

Answer 45

objects exist even though the child cannot perceive their existence.