Developmental Psychology Flashcards
To learn and familiarize topics about human development
Refers to a set of moral principles that guide the behavior and actions of individuals within a specific academic discipline or professional society
Code of Ethics
In Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, resolutions to development crisis depend on the inter action between the individual and ______ ?
Social Environment
In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the ____ group.
Experimental
*Experimental Group is the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested. And is now compared to a CONTROL group, which do
Brain cells that respond to actions performed by someone else are called”
Mirror Neurons
These neurons are responsible for mirroring or imitating the actions and intentions of others, allowing us to understand and empathize with their actions.
Provide support and protection to neurons in the Brain?
Glial Cells
Part of the Brain that responsible for motor coordination
Cerebellum
Part of the brain the responsible for our emotion
Amgydala
True/False: Stem cells are cells from which any other specialized type of cell can form.
True
- Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into different types of cells in the body. They can divide and renew themselves, as well as differentiate into specialized cells such as muscle cells, nerve cells, or blood cells
According to Freud, who is most likely to be in Genital Stage?
Adolescence, typically age 12 to 18.
The germinal period ends approx:
2 weeks after conception
Also called “Conception”, is the process of union of sperm and ovum to produce zygote
Fertilization
One-celled organism resulting from fertilization
Zygote
The full set of genes for a particular organism
Genome
- The genome contains all the information required for the development, functioning, and characteristics of that particular organism. It is like a blueprint that determines the traits and features of an individual.
Chromosomal abnormalities occur when a zygote’s cells have:
More of fewer than the usual 46 chromosomes.
The sperm and ovum are:
Gametes
- The correct answer is “gametes” because sperm and ovum are both reproductive cells that are involved in sexual reproduction. Gametes are specialized cells that contain half the number of chromosomes compared to other cells in the body.
One difference between sperm cells and ova is that:
Ova carry an X chromosome, whereas sperm carry either an X or a Y chromosome.
The most advanced stage of cognitive development according to Piaget is the:
Formal Operational
- The formal operational stage is considered the most advanced stage. During this stage, individuals develop the ability to think abstractly, use hypothetical reasoning, and engage in logical thinking. They can also understand and manipulate complex ideas and concepts. This stage typically occurs during adolescence and continues into adulthood.
Social learning theory emphasizes (Bandura)
Observation and imitation
- According to this theory, individuals learn by observing the behaviors of others and imitating them. This process allows individuals to acquire new knowledge, skills, and behaviors without the need for direct reinforcement. By observing others, individuals can learn from their experiences and gain a better understanding of how to behave in different situations. The theory suggests that social interactions and modeling play a crucial role in shaping an individual’s behavior and development.
Which period begins three weeks after conception?:
Embryonic Period/Stage
- This is the stage of development where the major organs and body systems start to form. During this period, the embryo is highly susceptible to external influences and is at a high risk for developmental abnormalities. It is an important phase in prenatal development as it sets the foundation for the growth and development of the fetus.
Genetic disorders that are dominant are:
Always Expressed
- Dominant genetic disorders are always expressed, meaning that if an individual inherits a dominant allele for a particular disorder, they will show symptoms of the disorder. This is because the dominant allele overrides the presence of any recessive alleles
The process by which humans adapt and adjust to their environment is known as
Selective Adaptation
- It involves the selection and retention of certain traits or behaviors that are beneficial for survival and reproduction in a specific environment. This process allows individuals to better cope with their surroundings and increases their chances of survival and successful reproduction.
Group of people born at about the same time and thus of similar age.
Age Cohort
Refers to a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience during a specific period of time
Cohort
Final Stage of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs is:
Self-Actualization
- This stage represents the fulfillment of an individual’s potential and the desire to become the best version of themselves. It involves personal growth, self-discovery, and the pursuit of meaningful goals. Self-actualization is characterized by a sense of purpose, creativity, and a deep understanding of oneself.
2nd stage of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs is:
Safety and Security
3rd stage of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs is:
Social Needs
- the third step in Maslow’s hierarchy,
concerning the need to interact with
other people. - involve working with others, developing friendships, and feeling needed.
4th Stage of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is:
Ego Needs (Self-Esteem)
- need of recognition and success
When something is said to be “empirical” it is based on:
Facts “Data Collection”
- Empirical evidence is gathered through observation, experimentation, or experience. It relies on objective data and measurable evidence rather than theories, inferences, or opinions. Therefore, the correct answer is facts.
The idea that the study of development involves several academic fields defines the ________characteristics of develpment.
Multidisciplinary
- This implies that understanding development requires knowledge and insights from multiple fields such as psychology, sociology, biology, and anthropology. Therefore, the term “multidisciplinary” accurately describes the characteristic of development being influenced by multiple academic fields.
True/False: The naval or belly button is the result of cutting the baby’s umbilical cord at birth
True
- The naval, also known as the belly button, is indeed the result of cutting the baby’s umbilical cord at birth. The umbilical cord connects the baby to the placenta in the womb, providing essential nutrients and oxygen. After the baby is born, the cord is clamped and cut, leaving a small stump. Over time, the stump dries up and falls off, leaving behind the belly button or naval. Therefore, the statement is true.
Consist of the inner mass of cells that well eventually develop into the embryo
Blastocyst
After about 5 days of mitosis, the zygote contains about 100 cells and is called :
Blastocyst
An outer layer of the cells that provides nutrition and support for the embryo.
Trophoblast
Environmental agents that interfere normal prenatal development and cause birth defects
Teratogen
What did Lev Vygotsky conclude from observing the behaviors of the diverse people of the former Soviet Union
People learn new behaviors by working with mentors
- Lev Vygotsky concluded that people learn new behaviors by working with mentors. This means that individuals acquire new knowledge and skills by collaborating with more experienced individuals who guide and support their learning process. Vygotsky emphasized the importance of social interaction and the role of a knowledgeable other in facilitating learning. He believed that learning is a social activity and that mentorship plays a crucial role in the development of new behaviors and abilities.
A researcher in human development who takes an eclectic approach:
Uses part of several theories rather than sticking to one particular theory.
- An eclectic approach in human development research refers to the practice of incorporating different elements or ideas from various theories rather than solely relying on one particular theory. By doing so, the researcher can draw upon a wider range of perspectives and insights to better understand and explain human behavior.
To study change over time, researchers use three basic research designs?
Cross-sectional, longitudinal, cross-sequential
An organism’s entire genetic inheritance is referred to as its:
Genotype
- Genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics.
Any birth which occurs 35 of fewer weeks after conception is considered to be
Preterm
*This means that the baby is born before completing the full 37-40 weeks of gestation, which is the normal duration of a pregnancy. Preterm births can pose certain health risks and may require special medical attention for the baby to ensure their well-being and development.
This means that the baby is born before completing the full 37-40 weeks of gestation, which is the normal duration of a pregnancy.
Preterm
Monozygotic twins are produced when,
One ovum and one sperm and splits to form two clusters.
*Monozygotic twins are produced when one ovum is fertilized by one sperm and then splits to form two clusters. This process is known as embryo splitting or cleavage. After fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions, resulting in the formation of two separate clusters of cells. These clusters then develop into two separate embryos with identical genetic material. This is why monozygotic twins are also called identical twins, as they share the same DNA and are essentially clones of each other.
Brain damage, loss of vision, and mental retardation which may be caused by eating undercooked meat and handling cat feces or garden dirt is attributable to:
Toxoplasmosis
Research on SIDS has shown that babies should be
Put to sleep on their backs
*Research on SIDS, or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, has consistently shown that placing babies on their backs to sleep is the safest sleeping position. This position helps reduce the risk of suffocation and allows for better airflow, decreasing the likelihood of SIDS. Sleeping on their backs also helps prevent the baby from rolling onto their stomach, which is a higher risk position. It is important to follow this recommendation to ensure the safety and well-being of infants during sleep.
The neural tube will become the:
Brain and spinal cord
*The neural tube is a structure that develops in the early stages of embryonic development. It eventually gives rise to the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. The other options mentioned, such as reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and backbone, legs, and arms, are derived from different embryonic tissues and structures. Therefore, the correct answer is brain and spinal cord.
In an uncomplicated birth, the position of presentation is:
Head first
*This is known as the vertex presentation, which is the most common and ideal position for a baby to be born. The head-first position allows for an easier passage through the birth canal and reduces the risk of complications during delivery. It also ensures that the baby’s head is the first body part to emerge, which is important for a safe and smooth delivery.
A dog learns to shake paws on command because it has been given dog biscuits for doing so. This is an example of:
Operant conditioning
*This scenario demonstrates operant conditioning, specifically positive reinforcement. The dog learns to shake paws on command because it has been rewarded with dog biscuits for doing so. Through this process, the dog associates the action of shaking paws with receiving a reward, and therefore is more likely to repeat the behavior in the future. Operant conditioning focuses on the consequences of behavior, and in this case, the positive reinforcement of receiving a treat serves as a motivating factor for the dog to perform the desired action.
Trisomy-21 is also called
Down Syndrome
chromosomal disorder in males caused by an extra X chromosome.
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
One of the surprising findings of the Human Genome Project is that
All living creatures share genes
An XX pattern in the 23rd pair of chromosomes indicates the fetus will
Female
An XY pattern in the 23rd pair orf chromosomes indicates the fetus will
Male
True/False: According to social learning theory, individuals model any behavior they see repeatedly.
True
*According to social learning theory, individuals have a tendency to imitate or model behaviors that they observe repeatedly. This theory suggests that people learn by observing others and the consequences of their actions, rather than solely relying on their own experiences. Therefore, it can be concluded that the statement is true, as it aligns with the principles of social learning theory.
Behaviorism focuses on which of the following?
Observable behavior
*Behaviorism is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of observable behavior. It suggests that behavior can be understood and predicted by examining the environmental stimuli and the individual’s response to those stimuli. This approach rejects the significance of unconscious urges, thoughts, and emotions in explaining behavior, as they cannot be directly observed. Instead, behaviorists believe that behavior can be shaped through conditioning and reinforcement, and that it is influenced by the external environment. Therefore, the focus of behaviorism is on studying and analyzing observable behavior to understand and explain human actions.
Nine weeks after conception, the developing human organism is called a(n)
Fetus
Typically, 4-month-old infants can lift their heads off the floor while lying on their stomachs. By 8 months, most can sit independently. This ordered sequence of motor development is a result of which of the following?
maturation
Research has demonstrated that children have very few, if any, conscious memories of events before age 4. Which of the following is most likely immature and therefore responsible for this infantile amnesia?
hippocampus
the correct order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Twelve-year-old Devin was asked, “If you were given a third eye, where would you put it?” Devin responded that he would put the eye onto his hand so he could see around corners. Devin’s 10-year-old brother Brad said he would put a third eye “onto my forehead.” According to Piaget, Devin’s response demonstrates which stage of cognitive development?
formal operational
Shawna is a very demanding parent. She is strict and expects her orders to be obeyed without question. If her children disobey, she withholds her affection from them. Shawna’s parenting style is most likely
authoritarian
common early symptom of Alzheimer’s disease?
Telling the same stories repeatedly
Research has found that regular exercise can slow the aging process by maintaining the DNA on either end of the chromosomes. These endings are called
Telomeres
The main functions of _____ are to maintain chromosomal stability and prevent chromosomal degradation.
Telomeres
What is gender identity?
One’s internal sense of being male, female, or a blending of the two.
_____ region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome. It protect the ends of chromosomes from becoming frayed or tangled. Each time a cell divides, the telomeres become slightly shorter.
Telomeres
Risa was raised in the United States and is familiar with fruitflavored hard candies. In psychology class, she tastes a musk flavored candy from Australia. Risa can’t accept musk as a flavor because she associates it only with the scent of cologne. Apparently, Risa is struggling with which of the following?
assimilation
A researcher shows a child a box of crayons and asks, “What do you think is in this box?” The child replies, “Crayons.” The researcher then opens the box to reveal candles. The researcher closes the box and shows the child a stuffed dog toy that has been under the table. The researcher says, “This dog hasn’t heard what we’ve said or seen what’s inside the box. What do you think the dog will think is in the box?” If the child replies, “Candles, ” this reflects that she most likely lacks
a theory of mind
During this substage, the child understands the environment purely through inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking. What substage of sensorimotor of Piaget it belongs?
Reflexes (0-1 month)
Katie will not speed while driving to school because she’s afraid of getting a ticket. Katie’s reasoning best reflects which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
preconventional
Pablo is 17 years old and has recently begun questioning his beliefs. He has engaged in heated debates with his parents over differences in their political and religious ideals. Jean Piaget would suggest that Pablo is
becoming formal operational.
Chandler and Alex’s youngest child just graduated from high school and is moving to a different state for college. If they experience depression, stress, and loneliness as a result, some might suggest Chandler and Alex are experiencing
empty-nest syndrome.
Chuck is 45 years old, unmarried, lives with his parents, and is a freshman in college. Chuck’s current state is atypical for someone his age. The expectations to marry, establish a home, and go to college by a certain time are determined by
social clock
What was the key feature in the parenting style of those tested in Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation procedure that led to a secure attachment between the toddlers and their mothers?
responsiveness to a child’s needs
John Bowlby suggested that infants were biologically preprogrammed to form attachments with others because doing so helps infants survive. Bowlby’s beliefs best illustrate which of the following perspectives in psychology?
evolutionary
Albert Bandura believed that children learn to be aggressive by observing and imitating an adult modeling such behaviors. Bandura would most likely be associated with which of the following perspectives?
social-cognitive
Which component represents the degree of physical attraction, sexual desire, and arousal in a romantic relationship?
Passion
Feelings of closeness, connectedness, and emotional support?
Intimacy
combinations represents Consummate Love?
Intimacy + Passion + Commitment
This type of love involves commitment without intimacy or passion?
Empty love
Passion and commitment without intimacy.
Fatuous love
It involves decision-making and the intention to maintain a long-term relationship?
Commitment
A type of love that involves intimacy and commitment but lacks passion?
Companionate love
What type of love is characterized by intimacy without passion or commitment?
Liking
Which combination represents Romantic Love?
Intimacy + Passion
Sarah and John have been dating for a few months. They share their deepest thoughts and feelings with each other and feel emotionally connected. Recently, Sarah has started feeling a strong physical attraction and desire towards John, and she finds herself longing to be with him constantly. Which type of love best describes the situation?
Romantic love
David and Lisa have been married for twenty years. They have built a strong emotional bond over the years and trust each other deeply. Despite not feeling the intense passion they did in the beginning, they are committed to each other and plan to spend the rest of their lives together. Which type of love best describes the situation?
Companionate love
Mark and Emily have been in a relationship for a year. They have a strong physical attraction towards each other and enjoy spending time together. However, they have not yet made long-term commitments to each other and are unsure about their future together. Which type of love best describes the situation?
Infatuation
Emily and Jack have been together for a few months. They share a strong physical attraction and enjoy spending time together, but they haven’t yet shared deep emotional intimacy or made long-term commitments. However, Emily often daydreams about their future together and feels a sense of security in their relationship. Which type of love best describes the situation?
Infatuation
Hannah and Michael have been in a relationship for several years. They share a deep emotional bond, have a strong physical attraction towards each other, and are committed to building a future together. Recently, however, they’ve encountered challenges in their relationship, including disagreements about their career paths and future plans. Despite these challenges, they continue to communicate openly, support each other, and work towards resolving their issues together. Which type of love best describes the situation?
Consummate love
Sarah and David have been married for ten years. Over time, they have drifted apart emotionally and no longer share the same interests or goals. They stay together for the sake of their children and maintain a semblance of normalcy in their household, but they no longer feel any emotional connection or passion for each other. Which type of love best describes the situation?
Empty love
Aunty’s condition affects her lungs and liver. What is her condition and which chromosome is it related to?
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (Chromosome 14)
- Alpha1-antitrypsin is a protein made by the liver whose function is to protect the lungs. If these proteins are malformed or deficient, the impact is a predisposition for obstructive pulmonary disease and liver disease. AATD is caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene located in the long arm of chromosome 14.
Baby Thala has a condition that prevents her from making enough healthy red blood cells. Which chromosome is affected?
Chromosome 16
Betong has severe anemia and needs regular blood transfusions. Which chromosome is involved?
Chromosome 11
Herbert has a condition that affects his blood’s ability to clot properly. Which genetic disorder does Herbert most likely have?
Hemophilia
Nene was born without parts of her brain and skull. What condition does Nene have?
Anencephaly
Pina has a condition where her spine did not form properly. What condition does Pina have and which chromosome is involved?
Spina Bifida (Chromosome 11)
Fenay cannot break down part of a protein, leading to harmful buildup in her body. What condition does she have?
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Teena Turner is short and has webbed neck. What condition does she have?
Turner syndrome (XO)
A boy has an extra X chromosome and smaller testes. What condition does he have?
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
This condition is more severe in males include delayed in speech and motor development, speech impairments, and hyperactivity.
Fragile X Syndrome
Jacob has an extra chromosome, making him taller but affecting his learning. What condition does he have?
XYY
A boy has a genetic condition causing his muscles to get weaker over time. What is this condition?
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (X Chromosome)
A child has thick, sticky mucus in their lungs and digestive system. What condition is this?
Chromosome 7 (cystic fibrosis)
A child has RBC shaped like crescent moon causing pain.
Sickle Cell Anemia
A child has harmful substances building up in their brain resulting in death before age 5. What condition is this?
Tay-Sachs Disease
Metabolic disorder resulting in mental retardation
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Enlarged kidneys, leading to respiratory problems and congestive heart failure during infantile form.
Polycystic Kidney disease
Normal appearance but has menstrual irregularities, learning disorders, and mental retardation.
XXX (TRIPLE X)
All affected infants are stillborn or die soon after birth because of the weak ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
Chromosome 16
Can lead to crippling arthritis in adulthood because of excessive bleeding.
X sex chromosome
Victor and Rosa want to enhance their synchrony with their 6 month old daughter. They can best do this by:
Imitating her vocal and facial expressions
*To enhance synchrony with their 6-month-old daughter, Victor and Rosa should imitate her vocal and facial expressions. This means that they should mirror her sounds and mimic her facial expressions, which will help create a stronger bond and connection between them. By imitating
______ is failure to meet a childs basic physical, emotional, or educational needs.
Child neglect
*Child neglect refers to the failure of meeting a child’s basic physical, emotional, or educational needs. It involves the neglect of providing proper nutrition, healthcare, shelter, supervision, emotional support, and education to a child.
“Proximity seeking” and “contact maintaining” behaviors are displays of:
Attachement
*These behaviors are commonly observed in individuals who have formed emotional bonds and strong connections with others. Seeking proximity and maintaining contact are ways for individuals to feel secure and connected to their attachment figures. This behavior is often seen in close relationships such as parent-child relationships or romantic partnerships, where individuals seek closeness and maintain physical contact to fulfill their emotional needs and reinforce the bond between them.
The ethnic group from which children tend to be tallest is
Africans
*Africans tend to be the ethnic group from which children tend to be tallest. This can be attributed to a combination of genetic factors and environmental influences. African populations have a higher prevalence of certain genetic variants that are associated with increased height. Additionally, factors such as nutrition and healthcare access also play a role in determining height.
The infants first sensorimotor activities are:
Reflexes
*Infants’ first sensorimotor activities primarily involve reflexes, which are automatic responses to stimuli. These reflexes, such as the sucking reflex or the grasping reflex, are present from birth and do not require any conscious effort or learning. They are essential for the survival and development of the infant in the early stages of life
Research indicates that infants reach the stages of Piaget’s sensorimotor intelligence _________ Piaget originally predicted.
Earlier than
*This means that infants develop their sensorimotor skills at a faster pace than Piaget had initially anticipated.
________ is any deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.
Child Abuse
*Child abuse refers to any intentional act that causes harm to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being. This can include physical violence, emotional abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse
Which types of artistic expression blossom during early childhood?
Different forms of artistic expression
*They often engage in activities like singing, playing musical instruments, creating artwork, and dancing. Music allows children to explore rhythm and melody, while art encourages creativity and self-expression. Dance helps children develop coordination and body awareness. Therefore, all of the options mentioned - music, art, and dance - are types of artistic expression that blossom during early childhood.
The most common cause(s) of death of children worldwide is(are):
Accident
*This is because children are more vulnerable to accidents due to their curiosity, lack of awareness, and limited motor skills. Accidents can include road traffic accidents, falls, drowning, burns, and poisoning. These incidents often occur due to inadequate supervision, unsafe environments, or lack of safety measures
The scientific method used by an infant in stage five is:
Trial and error
*This means that the infant learns through repeated attempts and experiences, making mistakes and adjusting their behavior based on the outcomes
In the Strange Situation, a sign of a secure attachment is:
Smiling at Mother when she returns to the room
*This indicates that the child is happy to see their mother and feels comfortable and secure in her presence. This behavior suggests that the child trusts their mother and has a healthy emotional bond with her.
In Piaget’s terminology, sensorimotor stage two is described by:
The first acquired adaptations
*This means that during this stage, infants begin to develop new behaviors and actions that allow them to adapt to their environment. They start to learn how to manipulate objects, imitate actions, and use tools to achieve their goals.
Pete’s father is physically abusinve toward Pete, often leaving bruises. His mother, also living in the home, witneses the abuse but says nothing. She is:
Neglecful
*Neglectful parents fail to provide the necessary care, support, and protection for their child’s well-being.
Which of the following emotions are apparent at birth?
Pleasure and pain
*Newborn babies can experience pleasure when they are comfortable, fed, or soothed, and they can also experience pain when they are hungry, uncomfortable, or in distress. These basic emotions are instinctual and do not require any learning or social interaction
Manuel is 12 months old and is showing signs of autism. Manuel’s mother ingested various illegal drugs fairly frequently during her pregnancy. This might be an example of the effects of which of the following?
Behavioral teratogens
*Behavioral teratogens refer to substances or factors that can affect the development of the fetus and result in behavioral abnormalities or disorders
According to dynamic perception, 1 y/o Diane would most prefer to look at:
Spinning or moving objects
*This is because young children are attracted to objects that are in motion and have contrasting colors.
The specialization of the functioning of the two halves of the brain is called
Lateralization
In order, the three main periods of prenatal growth are:
Germinal, embryonic, fetal
Because Suzanne is pregnant, she drinks only one glass of wine a day an d smokes fewer cigarettes than previously. She should be told that:
Each drug might intensify the effects of the other.
*This means that both drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes during pregnancy can have an intensified negative impact on the health of the baby. The combination of these two substances can increase the risk of complications and harm to the developing fetus. It is important and that the effects of these drugs can be heightened when used together, and therefore
Gross motor skills such as riding a tricycle are acquired through
a combination of brain maturation and practice
*Brain maturation plays a crucial role in the development of motor skills, as it allows the brain to process and coordinate the necessary movements. However, practice is also essential in refining these skills and improving coordination.
The five vital signs that are evaluated in the Apgar are
Heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color and reflexes
(Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, Respiration)
*The Apgar is a standardized test used to assess the health and well-being of newborn babies. It evaluates five vital signs to determine the baby’s overall condition. These vital signs include heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes
Refers to the opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by people, the environment, and objects. It is the quality or property of an object or environment that allows an individual to understand how to use it or interact with it.
Affordance
Jan’s mother calls him high strung because he is disturbed by even the slightest noise, very hard to distract, and extrememly fussy. The New York Longitudinal Study would call him
Difficult Child
Jimmy’s dad comes home from grocery shopping and see Jimmy sitting on the sofa eating chips and says {“where s that boy of mine?” Immediately, Jimmy gives his dad the biggest smile, which spreads across his entire face. Now dad responds with an exaggerated surprised look. This is an example of which of the following?
Synchrony
The best policy regarding prescriptions drugs during pregnancy is:
Take drugs only if necessary, prescribed by a knowledgeable doctor.
*This answer is supported by the fact that not all medications are safe during pregnancy, and it is important to consult with a healthcare professional who has knowledge about the potential risks and benefits of specific medications for pregnant women. Taking medications without proper guidance can pose serious risks to both the mother and the developing fetus. Therefore, it is essential to rely on the expertise of a knowledgeable doctor when making decisions about medication use during pregnancy.
Speeds up the transmission of neural impulses
Myelination
*Myelination refers to the process of forming a protective sheath around nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This sheath, called myelin, acts as an insulator and speeds up the transmission of neural impulses. By providing a faster transmission of signals between neurons, myelination enhances the efficiency of communication within the brain, allowing for quicker and more coordinated responses.
Tammi age 4 months, and Dawn, age 13 months, are left with a baby sitter. How will they react?
Dawn will probably show more distress than Tami
What is the function of the placenta?
To protect and nourish the developing fetus
*It acts as a barrier, preventing harmful substances from reaching the fetus while allowing necessary nutrients and oxygen to pass through. Additionally, the placenta helps in removing waste products from the fetus and produces hormones that support pregnancy.
Which of the following is the best way to ensure adequate nutrition and vitamin intake?
Eat well balanced meals with a variety of foods.
A substance or a condition that can increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities
Teratogen
Full term pregnancies typicaoll last
36 wks from the date of conception
The neural tube will become the:
Brain and spinal cord
Piaget called the infants’ first period of cognitive development:
Sensorimotor intelligence
*This stage is characterized by the child’s exploration and understanding of the world through their senses and motor actions.
When playing with their children, mothers are more likely than fathers to:
Play peek a boo and patty cake
Refers to an increase in the number of connections between neurons in the brain
Synaptogenesis
True/False: It appears that a babies’ brain is unable to learn how to process speech and language only with the ability of sound…even if it is internal sounds.
False
*Babies’ brains are indeed capable of learning how to process speech and language through the ability of sound, including internal sounds. Research has shown that even before birth, babies are able to hear and recognize their mother’s voice and other sounds in the environment
True/False: The premise for the film is that the brain is geared to receive only the spoken word as the brain develops.
False
- The brain is not solely geared to receive only the spoken word as it develops. In fact, the brain is capable of processing and understanding various forms of communication, including written language, visual cues, and non-verbal signals. This premise oversimplifies the brain’s capabilities and ignores the complex nature of human communication and cognition.
A baby trying to pry his Dad’s fingers apart to get a small toy hidden in his hands demonstrates accomplishment of
Mutuality
*refers to a reciprocal exchange or interaction between two or more individuals. It involves a sense of shared understanding, respect, and trust that develops over time through ongoing communication and collaboration.
True/False: Parenting styles have no impact on the baby’s expression of traits.
False
*Parenting styles can greatly influence a child’s development and behavior. Different parenting styles, such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful, can shape a child’s personality, social skills, and emotional well-being.
True/False: Babies brains cannot process language and speech separately
True
- This means that language development is not solely dependent on the ability to process speech, but rather involves other cognitive processes as well. It implies that there is an interconnectedness between language and speech processing in the brain, and they cannot be isolated from each other.
______ can be described as patterns of behavior that have a genetic basis
Traits
*This means that certain behaviors or characteristics are inherited and passed down from one generation to another through genes. These patterns of behavior are not learned or acquired from the environment, but rather are determined by an individual’s genetic makeup.
True/False: It is not possible to adjust traits to the behavior expected in the environment
False
- Individuals can adapt and adjust their traits to align with the behavior expected in a particular environment. This ability to adapt is a fundamental aspect of human nature and allows individuals to modify their behavior, attitudes, and characteristics to fit the social, cultural, and environmental context they are in. People can learn and develop new traits, skills, and behaviors to better adapt and thrive in different environments.
The process of getting used ot an object or an event through repeatede exposure to it is referred to as:
Habituation
True/False: Oxycodone is the nurturing hormorne produced in the woman’s body increasing at the time of her baby
False
*Oxycodone is not a nurturing hormone produced in a woman’s body during pregnancy. Oxycodone is actually a strong opioid pain medication that is used to relieve severe pain. It works by acting on the central nervous system to block pain signals. It is not involved in the nurturing or development of a baby during pregnancy.
True/False: In utero testosterone significantly affects females in that they become more interested in people after birth while boys becomes more interest in how things work after birth.
True
*Research suggests that females exposed to higher levels of testosterone in the womb tend to exhibit more interest in people and social interactions after birth. On the other hand, males exposed to higher levels of testosterone in utero tend to show increased interest in objects and how things work.
Males and females are biologically wired to respond differently to:
Frustration
*This is because gender differences in brain structure and hormone levels can influence how individuals perceive and cope with frustrating situations. Research suggests that males may be more prone to externalizing their frustration through aggression or risk-taking behavior, while females may be more likely to internalize their frustration and experience feelings of sadness or helplessness.
________ refers to the ability of parents to create a harmonious environment for their child by aligning their child’s temperament with their social, family, and school life.
Goodness to fit
When parents find a way to provide a smooth interaction between their child’s temperament and his social, family and school life, they have provided:
Goodness to fit
A genetic restriction of phenotype to a small number of developmental outcomes.
Canalization
It is a study of the bioevolutionary basis of behavior and development with a focus on the survival of the individual.
Ethology
True/False: Females are at risk for breast cancer because of the hormone estrogen
True
- Females are at risk for breast cancer because the hormone estrogen plays a significant role in the development and growth of breast tissue. Estrogen can stimulate the growth of breast cells, and prolonged exposure to estrogen increases the risk of abnormal cell growth and the development of breast cancer.
Compartmentalized brains theoretically allow brains to be more
Specialized in skills
- Compartmentalized brains refer to brains that are divided into different regions or compartments, each responsible for specific functions or skills. This division allows for specialization, meaning that different regions can focus on specific tasks or abilities
_____ refer to brains that are divided into different regions or compartments, each responsible for specific functions or skills.
Compartmentalized brains
Crucial Differences of two theories:
Statement 1: Piaget’s theory of learning focused on the child’s own discovery processes.
Statement 2: Vygotsky’s theory emphasized the importance of instruction.
Statement is both true
*Piaget’s theory of learning focused on the child’s own discovery processes, meaning that children actively construct their knowledge through interactions with the environment. On the other hand, Vygotsky’s theory emphasized the importance of instruction, suggesting that learning is a social process and that children acquire knowledge through interactions with more knowledgeable individuals. This crucial difference highlights the contrasting perspectives on the role of the child’s own exploration and the role of instruction in the learning process.
Three girls start a rumor that 7 year old Heather is a bed wetter who still uses a pacifier. They are demonstrating:
Relational aggression
*Relational aggression refers to a form of aggression that involves damaging someone’s social relationships or reputation. In this scenario, the three girls are spreading a rumor about Heather, which can harm her social standing and relationships with others. This behavior is an example of relational aggression because it aims to harm Heather’s social status rather than physically or directly hurting her.
When is time out an effective discipline strategy?
If the child prefers to be with other children
*This is because time out removes the child from the social environment they enjoy, which can serve as a deterrent for misbehavior. It creates a consequence that the child finds undesirable, motivating them to behave better in order to avoid being isolated from their peers.
Preoperational intelligence differs from sensorimortor intelligence in that preoperational intelligence:
Goes beyond senses and motor skills
*Preoperational intelligence refers to the stage of cognitive development in children between the ages of 2 and 7, where they are able to use symbols and language to represent objects and events. This stage goes beyond sensorimotor intelligence, which is focused on the development of sensory and motor skills. Preoperational intelligence includes logical reasoning, allowing children to think and solve problems using basic logical principles. It also involves the ability to think about objects and events that are not physically present, which demonstrates that it goes beyond senses and motor skills.
______ refers to the ability to focus on specific stimuli while disregarding others.
Selective attention
The ability to concentrate on certain specific stimuli while ignoring others is called
Selective attention
*This cognitive process allows individuals to filter out irrelevant information and concentrate on what is important or relevant to them at a given moment. It enables us to direct our attention to specific tasks or stimuli while ignoring distractions, ultimately enhancing our ability to process information effectively and efficiently.
To assume that the world is unchanging is to engage in
Static reasoning
- This type of thinking disregards the dynamic nature of the world and fails to consider the possibility of change or evolution. It can lead to a rigid mindset and hinder adaptability and problem-solving abilities. This is why static reasoning is seen as a form of magical thinking, as it relies on an unrealistic belief in the permanence of things. Concentration and a focus on appearances only may be related concepts, but they do not directly capture the essence of static reasoning.
Refers to the cognitive process of assuming that the world is unchanging or static.
Static reasoning
is a cognitive limitation in which a child is unable to understand that certain actions can be undone or reversed
Irreversibility
Jakes father is taking him to the barber for his first real haircut. At first, jake is excited about his trip, but as soon as the barber makes the first cut in his hair, he becomes very upset and tells his father to make the barber stop. In spite of his fathers efforts to assure jake his hair will grow back, Jake is exhibiting the concept of:
Irreversibility
*Irreversibility is a cognitive limitation in which a child is unable to understand that certain actions can be undone or reversed. In this case, Jake does not comprehend that his hair will grow back after being cut, leading to his distress.
the gap between what they are already able to do by themselves and what they can accomplish with assistance.
ZPD
This term refers to the process of learning and development where individuals acquire knowledge and skills through guidance and support from more experienced individuals
An apprenticeship in thinking
*It emphasizes the importance of social interaction and collaboration in cognitive growth, highlighting the role of mentors or experts in scaffolding the learning process for the learner
Vygotsky’s term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society is;
An apprenticeship in thinking
This field focuses on understanding how disorders arise and progress in the context of typical development, taking into account biological, psychological, and social factors.
Developmental psychopathology
Insights from normal development are applied to the study of childhood disorders in:
Developmental psychopathology
According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child:
Interact with a mentor to accomplish a task
*This means that the child is not left to discover the solution on their own or given instructions only once. Instead, they receive assistance and support from an adult until they can perform the task independently. This interaction with a mentor helps the child to learn and develop new skills through scaffolding and guidance.
The youngest children to demonstrate theory of mind in experiments are age
4
*This is because at this age, children start to develop the ability to understand that other people have different thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives than their own. They begin to understand that others can have false beliefs and can be deceived. This milestone in cognitive development is an important step towards understanding and predicting other people’s behavior, and it usually occurs around the age of 4
Because of fast mapping, a preschooler:
Needs several experiences with a word to learn it.
*Preschoolers rely on fast mapping, which allows them to learn new words after just a single exposure to them. This means that they can grasp the meaning of words after just one encounter. Therefore, the correct answer is that a preschooler learns some words after a single exposure to them.
Krista understand that 4+6=10 but does not understand that 10-6=4. She is displaying
Irreversibility
According to Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory, the three factors that reciprocally influence development involve:
Behavior, the person and environment
Systematic continuities and changes in the individual over the course of life.
Development
Developmental changes in the body or behavior that result from the aging process rather than from injury, illness, or some other life experience.
Maturation
Developmental changes that characterize most or all members of a species; typically patterns of development.
Normative Development
A unified view of the developmental process that emphasizes the important interrelationships among the physical, mental, social, and emotional aspects of human development.
Holistic perspective
Methods that measure the relationships between physiological processes and aspects of children’s physical, cognitive, social, or emotional behavior or development.
Psychophysiological Method
A research design in which subjects from different age groups are studied at the same point in time.
Cross-sectional
A threadlike structure made up of genes.
Chromosome
The process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and then divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.
Mitosis
A process in which genetic material is exchanged between pairs of chromosomes during meiosis.
Crossing over
A genetic disease in which the child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine; if left untreated, it may cause hyperactivity and mental retardation.
PKU
A study that compares the behavior and/or development of people from different cultural or subcultural backgrounds.
Cross-cultural Design
What is the correct sequence of prenatal development?
Zygote (germinal), embryo, Fetus
A membrane that becomes attached to the uterine tissues to gather nourishment for the embryo.
Chorion
The phase of the prenatal development wherein all major organ systems begin to function and the fetus grows rapidly.
Period of fetus
first phase; from conception until the developing organism becomes firmly attached to the wall of the uterus
Period of zygote
major organs and anatomical structures take shape
Period of embryo
At what month does sexual differentiation progress rapidly?
3rd month
The white cheesy substance that covers the fetus to protect the skin from chapping
Vernix
Fine hair covering the fetus’s body
Lanugo
The point between the 23rd and 28th prenatal weeks when survival outside the uterus is possible.
Age of viability
Cell differentiation: Outer layer, skin, hair, nervous system
Ectoderm
Middle layer: muscle, bones, circulatory system
Mesoderm
Inner layer, digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and other organs
Endoderm
watertight membrane; serves to regulate temperature and to cushion against injuries
Amnion
a soft tube containing blood vessels that connects the embryo to the placenta
Umbilical cord
As he was studying life-span development, Chico had to learn several interrelated, coherent sets of ideas that would help him explain and make predictions about development. Chico had to learn:
Theories
Angy wanted to study the effect of demeaning language from parents on the self-esteem of pre-school children.
To accomplish her research, she asked 12 mothers to talk negatively to their young children for 5 minutes.
She them asked the children some questions about how they felt. Angy’s research will run into what ethical dilemma?
Beneficence
Which of the following statements refer to the Sociobiological or the evolutionary perspective?
There are not enough resources for everyone, and only the fittest will survive.
According to Freud, someone who compulsively bites their nails might have experienced which of the following as a young child?
An overly restrictive breastfeeding schedule
A longitudinal study contacts a fresh sample of people each time a sweep is carried out.
False
Experimental designs are superior to correlational approaches when dealing with:
variables that need to be manipulated.
Changes in a person’s reserve capacity will affect that person’s:
ability to deal with physical and other types of stress
In this stage of psychosocial development, the child asks himself “Can I do things on my own?”
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Lilo used to be a friendly baby, smiling at strangers and going to them, continuing to coo happily as long as someone—anyone— was around.
Now, at 8 months, she turns away when a new person approaches and howls when her parents try to leave her with a babysitter.
Which indicates that she has developed stranger anxiety?
She turns away when new person approaches
Which of the following describes the behavior of children with low self- esteem in social situations?
If they are rejected, they blame their own personality deficiencies.
These are individuals who adopted a gender identity that differs from the one assigned to them at birth.
Transgender
What is the difference between gross motor skills and fine motor skills?
Gross motor skills involve movements such as walking; fine motor skills involve finely tuned movements such as grasping a toy.
20-year-old Charlie lives in a country with very low governmental standards for public education. As a result, he is barely literate.
The public policies that impact Ross’s education are part of the:
Macrosystem
Ashley and her friends Josh and Nico are playing house, pretending they are “Mom,” “Dad,” and “Baby.”
They exchange toys, follow each other around, and when Nancy wants to join them, they finally say “okay.”
They giggle and seem to be having fun playing with each other. This is an example of what Parten called:
Cooperate play
While strolling in SM MOA, Allarie passed through the food court area and smelled fresh-popped popcorn.
Enticed by the smell, he searched for the store and bought three packs of popcorn.
This is an example of what type of storage in the information processing model/approach?
Sensory memory
As Ryan got into his 70s, his wife noticed that he seemed to easily become irritable, anxious, and depressed. He began to make a great many errors in their checkbook, and sometimes got frustrated because he could not even write a check. She became even more concerned when Ryan could not remember what he did yesterday or even that he had eaten a meal an hour ago. He would often repeat the same question over and over, such as “what time is it?” Ryan is most likely developing
Alzheimer’s disease.
When selling a variety of souvenir items with different prices on the street, Chito quickly figures how much the tourists owe him, and he always gives correct change.
Given the same calculations in school, however, Chito has a difficult time working them out.
According to Sternberg, Chito is strong in _____ intelligence, but weak in _____
intelligence.
contextual; componential
According to Vygotsky, should children be in groups with peers that are in the same skill level as them or with peers at different levels?
Different levels because they can learn from each other.
According to Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory, the three factors that reciprocally influence development involve:
behavior, the person, and the environment.
Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of psychoanalytic theory?
Psychoanalytic theories are culture- and gender-biased.
people are like machines that react to environmental inputs; do not operate in their own will
Mechanistic Model
Little girl Beth was with her mother in the mall and as they passed by an aisle of toys, Beth suddenly stopped and gestured to her mother the mermaid toy. Her mother refused to give her the toy as it is not part of their budget but Beth suddenly cried loudly in the mall and lied in the ground while crying because she really wanted the toy. According to Freud, which hypothetical part of the personality did Beth demonstrate? How about the mother?
Id:Ego
During examination week, Anna likes to list all the subjects that she needs to study. She can’t start studying if her notes are not neatly compiled and if her study area is a mess. Thus, Anna takes a lot of time before she can actually study her lessons in preparation for the exam. Based on the psychosexual stages of Freud, which among the fixation in this stage is Anna demonstrating?
Anal retentive
*orderly, organized, tidy, meticulous, perfectionist
Every time the young Shiela sees her mother interacting with her father, she would feel jealous but whenever she sees her father alone, she would feel a sense of attraction toward him. According to Freud, what is this called?
Female Oedipus Complex
Before the midterm examination, the teacher announced in the class that whoever gets a perfect score will have a special present during Christmas. Which type of reinforcement is being utilized by the teacher?
Positive Reinforcement
reward is given after a 𝗳𝗶𝘅𝗲𝗱/𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰 # of 𝐑esponse (ex:magstarbucks pagkatapos magread ng 3 pages)
Fixed ratio
Joanne was studying in a coffee shop. In order to achieve her goal for the day, she decided to reward herself with a cup of coffee if she finished reading twenty pages from the book she was studying. This schedule of reinforcement is called:
Fixed ratio
Reward is given after 𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗺 # of 𝐑esponse (ex: lottery)
Variable ratio
reward is given after a 𝗳𝗶𝘅𝗲𝗱 amount of 𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗲 (ex: Sweldo)
Fixed interval
reward is given after a 𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗺 amount of 𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗲 (ex: surprise quiz ni teacher)
Variable interval
Maladaptive (syntonic) of psychosocial theory, in order.
Sensory distortion, impulsivity, ruthlessness, narrow virtuosity, fanaticism, promiscuity, overextension, presumption
Malignancy (dystonic) psychosocial theory, in order.
Withdrawal, compulsion, inhibition, inertia, repudiation, exclusivity, rejectivity, despair
It is the 30th day of the month and all the employees were racing to the ATM to check their bank accounts if their salary for the whole month has already been reflected. This schedule of reinforcement is called:
Fixed Interval
After John received his salary for the month of October, he immediately went to the nearest lottery booth in order to try his luck in winning the lottery. This schedule of reinforcement is called:
Variable Ratio
The reason why Diane got a low score on the exam was that her teacher did not announce about it. She was not able to prepare for the exam as it was unscheduled. Her teacher called it a “surprise attack” for the students. The teacher utilized what kind of schedule of reinforcement?
Variable Interval
A young girl saw a four-legged animal eating grass on the ground (goat), she asked her mother about it. Her mother answered that the animal was called a goat. The next day, the young girl saw another four-legged animal, this time a cow, eating grass on the ground. She told her mother, “Mom, it’s a goat”. Which cognitive growth process did the young girl apply?
Assimilation
adjusting one’s cognitive structures to fit the new information
Accommodation
Abby grew up in a country where women are prohibited to surpass the income of men. This created constant quarrels on Abby’s parents as her mother has a higher income compared to his father. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, which environmental system does this situation from Abby belong?
Macrosystem
the interrelationship with two or more microsystem
Mesosystem
With the passing of time, the quarrel between Abby’s parents resulted to their divorce. Which environmental system does this situation from Abby belong?
Chronosystem
Rolly finished answering his assignment on time as he was afraid that his mother will punish him if he did not finish his assignment. According to Kohlberg, which level and stage of moral development does Rolly belong?
Preconventional: Stage 1 obedient and punishment
takot sa punishment that’s why u do something
Stage 1 obedient and punishment
ginagawa mo ang isang bagay kapag may reward, you gain something
Stage 2
gagawin ang isang bagay kasi society see it as good (you’re a good boy/good girl)
Conventional- Stage 3: Good girl/good boy
adherance to law; hindi ako magnanakaw kasi bawal yun sa batas
Conventional- Stage 4: law and order
social contract or legalistic orientation/ kinoconsider yung batas but you have something greater good belief (e.g., mamatay na sa gutom mga kapatid mo at alam mo na kapag nagnakaw ka ikukulong ka pero alam mo na kapag hindi ka nagnakaw mamatay sa gutom mga kapatid mo), u considered the law but you care for something greater
Post conventional- Stage 5: social contract/ legalistic orientation
you no longer care about the law but u do what is right because of inner conscious
Post conventional- stage 6- universal
You see that your siblings are starving from hunger. You looked at your wallet and you saw that you do not have enough money left. You do not have work and you saw that your youngest sibling is showing symptoms of low blood sugar. You remembered that the sari-sari store nearby had displays of soft drink which will be helpful to boost the blood sugar of your sibling. You recognize that stealing the soft drink is a crime and it is punishable by law, however, if you do not steal the soft drink your youngest sibling will be at risk of dying. You ended up stealing the soft drink in order to save your youngest sibling. Which level and stage of moral development do you belong?
Stage 5
Alexa is a fresh graduate student of psychology. When asked about her career path, she said that she is still confused as to which field of work in psychology should she pursue. She also said that she still needs to explore the options. This situation of Alexa is what James Marcia called:
Identity moratorium
After trying the different fields of psychology, Alexa discovered that she is interested in the clinical setting. She decided to take a Masters degree in Clinical Psychology in order to further improve her knowledge in the field and to be able to work in the clinical setting in the future. This identity according to Marcia is called:
Identity Achievement
Joaquin is now a senior high school graduate. His mother told him that he should take up the course Civil Engineering since this is an in-demand job in the Philippines. Joaquin followed his mother’s advice and took up Civil Engineering. What is Joaquin’s identity status?
Identity foreclosure
Joy came home from work stressed as her supervisor scolded her at work. Joy’s daughter, not knowing the situation, approached her mother with all smiles as she showed her big star from school. Since Joy is still stressed from her superior’s scolding, she dismissed her daughter by neglecting her daughter’s enthusiasm which in turn made her daughter sad. Which environmental system of Bronfenbrenner does this belong?
Exosystem
Grace was observing her child complete a leggo tower. Grace noticed that her child was having a hard time completing the tower so she guided her child on how to complete it by showing her child where to put the leggo pieces. According to Lev Vygotsky, what did Grace do?
Scaffolding
the temporary support given to a child in doing a task
Scaffolding
Concept of human development as lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically.
Life-span development
Focuses on scientific study of the systematic process of change and stability in people.
Human development
Focuses on the degree to which development involves either gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages.
Continuity-discontinuity
Child’s genotype evokes certain kind of reactions from other people. Genetic make up may affect reactions of other people to a child.
Evocative gene-environment
He studied the heredity in plants.
Gregor Mendel
He states that children are born “Noble savages”
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Emphasized the importancef adaptation reproduction and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior
Evolutionary psychology
To take care and to do no harm
Beneficence and nonmaleficence
Seek to describe the pattern of relationships, customs, beliefs, technology, arts, and traditions make up society’s way of life.
Ethnographic studies
Determine whether a correlation exist between variables, phenomena that change or vary among people or can be varied for purpose of research.
Correlation study
Natural experience compares people who have been accidentally assigned to separate groups by circumstances of life.
Quasi-experiment
Pleasure principle, impulsive, irrational, selfish, seeks immediate gratification.
Id
Reality principle, rational, finds realistic ways to gratify instincts.
Ego
Data are collected on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples.
Sequential
May be obsessively clean, rigidly tied to schedules and routines.
Anal fixation
Attribute unwanted impulses and felings to someone else.
Projection
Expression of unwanted feeling or mere thought is redirected from more threatening, powerful person to a weaker one.
Displacement
How children handle new information in light of what they already know.
Adaptation
Infant learns to reproduce events originally discovered by chance.
Circular reactions
Coordinate previously learned schemes and are previously learned behaviors to attain their goals.
Coordination of secondary schemes
Purposely vary their actions to see results.
Tertiary circular reactions
The concept that people and many things remain even if they change in outward form, size, or appearance.
Identities
Start with a general statement about a class and applies it to particular members of the class.
Deductive reasoning
Decision making is influenced by two cognitive systems: verbatim analytical and gist-intuitional which operate in parallel.
Fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model
People consider the effect of their actions not only on other people but on the universe as a whole.
Cosmic style
Linkages between home and school or between family or peer groups.
Mesosystem
Family composition, place of residence or parent’s employment.
Exosystem
Supportive assistance with a task that parents, teachers, or other gives a child
Scaffolding
Designed to assess attachment pattern between infants and caregiver.
Strange situation
Ability of both infant and caregiver to respond appropriately and sensitively to each other’s mental and emotionnal states.
Mutual regulation
Child develops sense of self, separated from the mother
Separation-individuation
No commitment and no crisis
Identity diffusion
With crisis but no commitment
Moratorium
Observed behavior as a predictable response to experience.
Behaviorism
Behavior returns to its original level when response is no longer reinforced
Extinguished
Extra copy of chromosome 21
Trisomy 21
Extra X chromosome
Klinefelter syndrome
Limit body oxygen supply
Sickle-cell anemia
Incompletely closed spinal canal
Spina bifida
Accumulation of lipids in the nervous system
Tay-sachs disease
Severe anemia.
Beta thalassemia
Less than 3 pounds 4 ounces during birth
Very low birth weight
Weigh less than 5 pounds and 8 ounces at birth
Low birth weight infants
Involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby wearing only diapers and is held upright against the parent’s bare chest to help stabilize preterm’s heartbeat, temp, and breathing.
Kangaroo care
Miscarriage occured after 20 weeks of gestation
Stillbirth
Used to relieve morning sickness.
Thalidomide
Causes spontaneous abortion and premature detachment of placenta.
Cocaine
Caused by parasite in the bodies of cattle, sheep, pigs, and intestine tract of cats that causes brain damage, impaired eyesight, seizure, and miscarriage.
Toxoplasmosis
Perfectionism, rule follower, anal, constrained
Malignant tendency:compulsiveness
Shameless, willfulness that leads jump into things without proper consideration reckless, and inconsiderate
Maladaptive tendency:impulsiveness
Early indication of the ability to understand other’s mental states and their own.
Pretend play
Eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent, not only in disciplinary actions but in variety of daily interactions.
Receptive cooperation
Their crisis is initiative versus guilt.
Play age
The realization that girl remains a girl even if she has a short haircut and plays with trucks that is between ages 3 and 7.
Gener consistency
________ is voluntary control of emotions, attention, and behavior tend to become more empathetic and inclined to prosocial behaviors.
Emotional self-regulation
Unfavorable attitudes towards outsiders. Children can be negatively affected by discrimination.
Prejudice
Infrequently nominated as bestie and not really disliked
Neglected children
Frequently nominated both bestie and most disliked.
Controversial children
Aimed at achieving an objective. Proactive and view force and coercion as effective ways to get what they want
Instrumental aggression
Sustained loyalty, faith, or a sense of belonging to a loved one, friends, or companions.
Fidelity
People who seek medical assistance to permanently transition to their preffered gender.
Transsexual
Type of attachment style that is resistant about getting involved in romatic relationship and once they do, they distance themselves to their partners.
Avoidant
Freedom emotional stages of retirement wherein one is enjoying newfound freedom and retirement.
Honeymoon phase
Changes in personality occurs during middle forties
Midlife crisis
Views the development of self as a continuous process of constructing one’s life story.
Narrative psychology
Occurs when the youngest child leaves home.
Empty nest syndrome
Adults learn to balance love and duty to their parents with autonomy in a two-way relationship.
Filial crisis
Giving caregivers some time off.
Respite care
Involves withholding or discontinuing treatment that might extend the life of a terminally ill patient.
Passive euthanasia
Resemble revolutionary movements that do not appear until months after the reflexes have disappeared.
Locomotor reflexes
Early human reflex wherein mouth open, eyes closes, neck flexes. and head titles forward.
Babkin
In what month can a baby keep their heads erect while being held or supported in a sitting position.
4th month
Developmental test designed to assess children from 1 month to 3 and 1/2.
Bayley scales of infant and toddler development
Repeating pleasurable behaviors that first occur by chance. Begin to coordinate sensory information and grasp objects.
Primary circular reactions
The realization that something continues to exist when ouot of sight
Object permanence
Tendency to spend more time looking at one sight rather than another.
Visual preference
Words that the child uses or expresses
Spoken vocabulary
Sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding
Pain cry
Higher pitch and a more monotonic vocalization is associated with autonomic system activity during stressful procedure.
Frustration cry
Infants smile at an object then gaze at an adult while continuing to smile.
Anticipatory smile
A concept involves the rules for putting together sentences in a particular language
Syntax
Manage emotions by refusing to think about an issue or reframing the event in the positive light.
Emotion-focused coping
Characterized by the ability to deal with inconsistency, contradictions, and compromise.
Postformal thought
Focused on the purpose of what they do and concentrate on tasks that have most meaning for them.
Reintegrative stage
Treated as family members despite a lack of blood relationship.
Fictive kin
Motivational element that is based on inner drives that translate physiological arousal into sexual desire.
Passion
Intimacy and commitment are present.
Companionate love
Ability to remember and use information acquired over a lifetime such as academics.
Crystallized intelligence
Relationship of friend blended with physical intimacy but little commitment.
Friends with benefits (Factitious love)
Switching to another company or new line of work
Bridge employment
Difficulty focusing on new objects.
Presbyopia
Beginning of menopause
Perimenopause
Often involving a sense of being out of the body or sucked into a tunnel and visions of bright light or anytical encounters.
Near death experience
Distressed for a long time
Chronic grief
Type of suicide that result of marked disruption such as sudden loss of job.
Anomic
Viewing problems and solutions in rigid terms
Dichotomous thinking
The person survives from attempts
Suicidal attempts
Clearly intent to end their lives at the time they attempt.
Death seekers
Diagnostic x-ray of the breasts.
Mammogram
Inability to conceive a baby.
Infertile
The preference of using one hand over the other
Handedness
At what age the children begin to lose their babyish roundness and take on the slender, athletic appearance of childhood
3 years old
They conversate in sentences and may be declarative, negative, interrogative, or imperative
4 years old
Children start to understand that mental states can drive emotions
7 years old
Able to categorize objects to identify similarities and differences
4 yrs old
Can now count to 20 or more and know the relative sizes of the numbers 1 through 10
5 years old
Has an expressive vocabulary of 2,600 words and understands more than 20,000. Permanent teeth begins to appear
6 years old
Tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive
Animism
Young children center so much on their own point of view that they cannot take in another’s
Egocentrism
Involves on focusing on one dimension while ignoring the other
Centration
Eyah’s realization that her identity will always be the same.
Gender constancy
Nic’s realization that even though a guy makes his hair long and plays with dolls, but still remains a male.
Gender consistency
TRUE OR FALSE: Maladaptive Tendency: Ruthlessness don’t care who they step in just to achieve their goals
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Malignant Tendency: Inhibition too much guilt to do anything so nothing would happen
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Based on Piaget’s moral reasoning, Autonomous Morality children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Based on Piaget’s moral reasoning, Heteronomous morality the child becomes aware with the rules and laws created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences
False
Piaget moral reasoning, children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. 4-7 years of age. Consider its consequences, not its intentions
“law is law”
Heteronomous morality
Sibol plays beside the other children independently. According to the 6 types of play by Parten(1932), where does Sibol belong?
Parallel play
child does not seem to be playing but watches anything of momentary interest
Unoccupied play
child spends most time watching others play
Onlooker play
child plays alone
Solitary independent play
plays beside the other children independently. No conversation.
Parallel play
children talk, borrow, and lend toys, follow each other around and play similarly.
Associative play
child plays in a group
Cooperative play or organized supplementary play
Paty spends most of her time watching other children play. According to the 6 types of play by Parten(1932), where does Paty belong?
Onlooker play
As a parent, I make few demands, I am warm, noncontrolling, and I’m highly responsive. What’s my parenting style?
Permissive/Indulgent
emphasizes control and unquestioning obedience, high control, low responsiveness
Authoritarian
make few demands, warm, noncontrolling, low control, high responsiveness
Permissive/indulgent
emphasizes child’s individuality but also stress limits, high control, high responsiveness
Authoritative
parents neglect children; low control, low responsiveness
Neglectful/uninvolved
I emphasize my child’s individuality, but also stress limits, I have a high control and high responsiveness. What’s my parenting style?
Authorative
It is the storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for a long period of time.
Long term memory
The imaginary psychological space between what children can do or know by themselves and what they could do or know with help
ZPD
allows a child to pick up approximate meaning of a new word after hearing it only once or twice in conversation
Fast mapping
Speech intended to be understood by a listener
Social speech
a concept and involves the rules for putting together sentences in a particular language
Syntax
practical knowledge of how to use language to communicate
Pragmatics
talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others
Private speech
Jangmi plays with the use of imaginary objects, actions and roles.
Dramatic Play (Pretend Play, Fantasy Play, Imaginative Play)
simplest level; begins during infancy, consisting of repeated practice in large muscular movements
Functional Play (Locomotor Play or Sensorimotor Play)
use of objects or materials to make something
Constructive Play (Object Play or Practice Play
involves imaginary objects, actions, or roles
Dramatic Play (Pretend Play, Fantasy Play, Imaginative Play)
Observation enables children to learn much about gender-typed behaviors before performing them
Social Cognitive Theory
the awareness of the broad range of human mental states – beliefs, intents, desires, dreams, and so forth – and the understanding that others have their own
Theory of mind
the selection of sexual partners is a response to differing reproductive pressures early men and women confronted in the study for survival
Theory of sexual selection
Putting away in the filing cabinet where it is kept
Storage
This theory believes that the sequence of development is universal that children from around the world reach language milestones in a similar sequence
Stages theories
This is visualized as a smooth slope of progression
Continuous development
Dating, romance, cohabitation, marriage, having children, and finding work or a career are all parts of the transition into ______________.
Adulthood
The result of environmental factors and lifestyle choices that can accelerate the aging process, such as smoking, poor nutrition, lack of exercise, and exposure to pollution and stress
Secondary aging
Refers to the natural, inevitable biological process of aging that occurs to everyone as they grow older.
Primary aging
This involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.
Psychosocial Development
This involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
Cognitive Development
This involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
Physical Development
This refers to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of humans throughout the lifespan.
Human development
In infancy and toddlerhood, major development happens during the _____________ of life.
first two years
Referred to as the preschool years, consisting of the years that follow toddlerhood and precede formal schooling
Earl childhood
*preschool years – early childhood
primary school age - middle childhood
A major developmental task during adolescence involves establishing one’s own ___________.
Identity
In this period, the world becomes one of learning and testing new academic skills and assessing one’s abilities and accomplishments by making comparisons between self and others.
Middle childhood
Who proposed the new stage called “emerging adulthood” where individuals are still exploring their identities and don’t quite feel like adults yet?
Jeffrey Arnet
Adults are in the middle of taking care of their children and also taking care of their parents. This refers to ____________.
Sandwich Generation
Statement 1: Optimal aging are those adult who have a very good health and continues to have an active life.
Statement 2: Normal aging are those adult who has more physical challenge and disease than others of the same age.
Statement 3: Impaired aging is referring to someone who has more physical challenge and disease than others of the same age.
Statement 2 is inaccurate
Statement 1: The concept of a “good death” is described as including personal choices and the involvement of loved ones throughout the process.
Statement 2: Palliative care is an approach to maintain dying individuals’ comfort level
Statement 3: Hospice is a movement and practice that involves professional and volunteer care and loved ones.
All statement are correct
In adolescence, puberty consists of physiological and physical changes with changes in hormone levels. In this example, what perspective is being referred to?
Development is multidimensional
Development means that development is not completed in infancy or childhood or at any specific age.
Lifelong
According to this process, individuals tend to sacrifice specific events in life in order to prioritize something that is more important or necessary for them.
Selective optimization
*According to the process of selective optimization, individuals prioritize particular functions above others, reducing the adaptive capacity of particulars for specialization and improved efficacy of other modalities
In the item stated above, what perspective are being referred to?
Multidirectional perspective
Findings suggest that cognitive function, particularly memory, can be significantly improved in mature adults with age-related cognitive decline by using brain plasticity-based training methods. What lifespan perspective that this statement best indicates?
Development shows plasticity
In the lifespan perspective that development is contextual, Baltes identified three types of influences that operate throughout the life course:
A. Normative age-graded influences are those biological and environmental factors that have a strong correlation with chronological age
B. Normative history-graded influences are NOT associated with a specific time period that defines the broader environmental and cultural context in which an individual develops. (e.g. COVID 19)
C. Nonnormative influences are predictable and tied to a certain developmental time in a person’s development or to a historical period.
Only A is accurate
Psychologists, sociologists, neuroscientists, anthropologists, educators, economists, historians, medical researchers, and others may all be interested and involved in research related to the normative age-graded, normative history-graded, and nonnormative influences that help shape development.
Development is multidisciplinary
According to Baltes’ lifespan perspective, what is true about development?
Development is multidimensional, multidirectional and multidisciplinary.
These studies are used to describe general or specific behaviors and attributes that are observed and measured.
Descriptive Research/ Qualitative Studies
An approach to studying development which emphasizes that development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, contextual, and multidisciplinary
Lifespan perspective
As a psychologist, you want to formally test whether a relationship exists between two or more variables. What type of research will you use?
Correlational Research
A. Science offers a more systematic way to make comparisons and guard against bias.
B. One technique used to avoid sampling bias is to select participants for a study in a random way.
C. Random sampling technique ensures that all members have an equal chance of being selected.
True
This is using a set of random numbers as a guide in determining who is to be selected.
Simple random sampling
Sometimes qualitative studies are used initially to explore a topic and more quantitative studies are used to test or explain what was first described.
All statements are correct
This is designed to assess the effectiveness of policies or programs.
Evaluation Research
Research that tries to answer the question “why”. Choose the BEST answer.
Explanatory Studies
The tendency to look for evidence that we are right and in so doing, we ignore contradictory evidence.
Confirmation Bias
This involves looking at media such as old texts, pictures, commercials, lyrics or other materials to explore patterns or themes in culture
Content Analysis
*secondary content analysis:
archival research, involves analyzing information that has already been collected or examining documents or media to uncover attitudes, practices or preferences
Method of loci, peg-word system, and chunking are all examples of
mnemonic devices
This sensorimotor substage of Piaget involves coordinating sensation and new schemas. For example, a child may suck their thumb by accident and then later intentionally repeat the action. These actions are repeated because the infant finds them pleasurable.
Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)
Marty referees high school basketball games. He knows that it is a difficult job and that players, coaches, and spectators are often unfairly critical of the referees. Nevertheless, when he attends his daughter’s games, he often yells at the referees. When someone brings up this behavior, Marty looks uncomfortable and then says: “If people pay their money for a ticket, they have a right to say whatever they want.” Marty’s response exemplifies
cognitive dissonance
The rules for how words are ordered in order to create meaningful sentences are called
Syntax
According to Erik Erikson, the primary developmental task for young adults is to
develop intimate relationships with others
Three domains of human development
Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
goals of human development
description, explanation, prediction, and intervention
A concept of human development as a life long process, which can be studied scientifically
Life-span Development
focuses on the scientific study of the systematic processes of change and stability in people
Human development
Is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
Development
Division of the life-span into periods
social construction
8 periods of human development
prenatal (conception to birth)
infancy and toddlerhood (birth-3)
Early Childhood (3-6)
Middle Childhood (6-11)
Adolescence (11-20)
Emerging and Young Adulthood (20-40)
Middle Adulthood (40-65)
Late Adulthood (65- over)
The predicted number of years a person born in particular time period can reasonably expect to live.
Life Expectancy
Life-span perspective
Development is:
- lifelong
- multidimensional
- multidirectional
- multidisciplinary
- plastic/ plasticity
- contextual
- Involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
- Is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual factors
The length of time a species can exist under the most optimal conditions
lifespan or longevity
MSE
Mental Status Evaluation
Sleep of Baby/ Neonate
Average of 16-18 hrs/day
Newborn Sleep pattern
4 hr cycle: 3 hrs sleep & 1 hr awake
Fantasizing about what one wants to do in retirement
Remote pre-retirement phase
A phase of retirement in which the individual has concrete plan are established
Immediate pre-retirement phase
A phase of retirement in which the individual can now do travel and other activities that they couldn’t usually do
Honeymoon Phase
Phase of retirement that the individual experience an emotional let-down
Disechantment Phase
Phase of retirement that the individual making less hectic plans and getting into regular routine
Reorientation Phase
What are the stages of grief?
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Occurs 2-8 weeks after conception
Embryonic Stage
5 Ps Presenting Factor
Presenting
Predisposing
Precipitating
Protective
Perpetuating
factors are behaviors or environmental factors that maintain or worsen a mental illness. These can include things at home (lack of supportive relationship), at work (lack of stable income), at social (lack of friendships), poor coping strategies (such as ruminating), or at school (such as being bullied)
Perpetuating factor
Refer to the immediate issues or events that have caused the person to present with their symptoms. For example, if someone experienced a highly stressful event (breakup of a relationship, loss of employment), or a traumatic event (such as sexual assault), then these, in combination with predisposing factors, might explain the onset of the mental health problems.
Precipitating Factors
Risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing a particular mental illness, includes genetic.
Predisposing Factor
Factors that decrease the likelihood of developing or getting “stuck” with a mental health problem. These factors can include the person’s strengths, such as competencies, skills, talents, interests, and supportive elements.
Protective Factors
Neural Tube
Spinal cord Development
Is the process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the environment
Equilibration
Ability to know that an object exists even when it is not being sensed
Object Permanence
Can be defined as the understanding that changes in the form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quantity of the object
conservation
Can be defined as the understanding that some things that have been changed can be returned to their original state
reversibility
Post operational stage of Piaget, this is the ability to reflect upon one’s thinking
metacognition
During this sensorimotor substage, the child becomes more focused on the world and begins to intentionally repeat an action to trigger a response in the environment. For example, a child will purposefully pick up a toy and put it in their mouth.
Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
During this substage, the child starts to show clearly intentional actions. The child may also combine schemas in order to achieve the desired effect. Children begin exploring the environment around them and will often imitate the observed behavior of others. The understanding of objects also begins during this time and children begin to recognize certain objects as having specific qualities. For example, a child might realize that a rattle will make a sound when shaken.
Coordination of Reactions (8-12 months)
Children begin a period of trial-and-error experimentation during the fifth substage. For example, a child may try out different sounds or actions as a way of getting attention from a caregiver.
Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
Children begin a period of trial-and-error experimentation during the fifth substage. For example, a child may try out different sounds or actions as a way of getting attention from a caregiver.
Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world in the final sensorimotor substage. During this time, children begin to move towards understanding the world through mental operations rather than purely through actions.
Early Representational Thought (18-24 months)
Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world in the final sensorimotor substage. During this time, children begin to move towards understanding the world through mental operations rather than purely through actions.
Early Representational Thought (18-24 months)
