Abnormal Psychology Flashcards
refers to the presence of two or more medical conditions or disorders in an individual at the same time
Comorbidity
Seven year old Henry has been diagnosed as having ADHD and dyslexia. Which of the following terms applies to Henry having both conditions together?
Comorbidity
Joshua and Tiffany have both been diagnosed with ADHD. Who is more likely to be prescribed medication for the condition.
None
*There is not enough research evidence to allow us to predict who would be prescribed medication. It is not mentioned in the question whether Joshua and Tiffany have different severity levels of ADHD or any other factors that could influence the likelihood of being prescribed medication. Therefore, without any additional information, it is not possible to predict who would be more likely to be prescribed medication
According to the usual definition, a child with a learning disability often:
Has no apparent handicap.
*According to the usual definition, a child with a learning disability often has no apparent handicap. This means that despite not having any obvious physical or intellectual impairments, the child still struggles with learning and acquiring knowledge. Learning disabilities can manifest in various ways, such as difficulties in reading, writing, or understanding mathematical concepts. These challenges may not be immediately apparent, making it crucial to identify and provide appropriate support to children with learning disabilities.
Culture-bound syndromes: excessive fear of embarrassing or offending other people
Taijin Kyofusho
Culture-bound syndromes: Dissociative episode in which an otherwise normal person suddenly goes berserk and strikes out at others, sometimes killing them
Amok
Culture-bound syndromes: Shouting uncontrollably, fits of crying, trembling, feelings of warmth or heat rising from the chest to the head, and aggressive verbal or physical behavior.
Ataque de nervios
Culture-bound syndromes: Involves intense fear or anxiety over the loss of semen through nocturnal emissions, ejaculations, or excretion with urine (india)
Dhat
Culture-bound syndromes: China: excessive fear or anxiety (bordering panic) about one’s genitals shrinking and retracting into the body causing death
Koro
Culture-bound syndromes: American-Indian, preoccupation with death and with the spirit of the deceased. Bad dreams, feelings of weakness, loss of appetite, fear, anxiety and a sense of foreboding may occur.
Ghost Sickness
Neurotransmitters pass from neuron to neuron across a gap known as the
Synapse
Suddenly and involuntarily falling asleep during daytime hours is referred to as
Narcolepsy
Which psychological approach provides many of the organizing principles of visual perception?
Gestalt
Learned helplessness is a result of what combination of factors?
External locus of control and low degree of self-efficacy
In drive reduction theory, an individual’s behavior is supposed to bring about
homeostasis
It has been many years since Cassie first rode on a roller coaster, yet she continues to have vivid memories of that experience. This might be explained by the proximity of which two parts of the brain?
amygdala; hippocampus
Someone who is lacking empathy and, as a result, finds it easy to exploit others would be diagnosed with which personality disorder?
Antisocial PD
Martin is cleaning out a closet. There was something he wanted to reach on a top shelf, but he could not reach it and he finally gave up. It never occurred to him to use the hook end of the umbrella in the closet to reach this item. He only considered the umbrella useful for keeping rain off one’s head. Martin’s problem was
functional fixedness
The center of emotion in the brain is the
Limbic system
Events that are very important and that create intense emotions, such as the Kennedy assassination in the 1960’s, the space shuttle Challenger explosion in the 1980’s, or 9/11 in 2001, often produce
flashbulb memories
For the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, commonly abbreviated as DSM-5, the “5” refers to
the fifth version of the manual
Mason has sustained a stroke affecting the left side of his brain. While he can understand what is being said to him, he is unable to produce intelligible speech. Mason probably sustained damage to his
Broca’s area
In DSM-5, the term for what used to be called “Multiple Personality Disorder,” wherein individuals have two or more distinct personalities, often accompanied by amnesia regarding these transformations, is
dissociative identity disorder
Wanda is in line at the post office. She observes another customer become angry with the postal worker at the window, yelling at him and accusing him of poor service. Wanda assumes that this is because the customer is a jerk. Wanda’s thinking is characteristic of
fundamental attribution error
Some individuals come to believe that they have a physical characteristic that is grotesque or offensive to others, even when they are reassured by family and friends that this is not the case. Some of them have repeated plastic surgeries to address this perceived deformity and have been described as having an “addiction” to plastic surgery. There is no such “addiction” listed in DSM-5. In DSM-5, these individuals would probably be diagnosed with
Body dysmorphic disorder
Hans Selye studied animals’ responses to short-term and long-term stressors and he developed the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). The three phases of GAS are
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a major depressive disorder?
A. Not getting enjoyment from activities that used to bring enjoyment
B. Feelings of worthlessness
C. A feeling of great energy and an ability to go without sleep for long periods
D. An inability to concentrate on tasks
E. Alterations in eating habits
C. A feeling of great energy and an ability to go without sleep for long periods
When a neuron is excited by a chemical messenger, the change in electrical charge that must be reached in order to trigger an action potential is referred to as the
threshold
Loi (11) was apprehended by authorities because she was caught purposefully setting someone’s possession on fire. Upon further assessment, it was discovered that her impulsivity was brought about by her intent to bully, harass, and violate the rights of other people. What is the diagnosis?
Pyromania
Conduct Disorder
Antisocial PD
Conduct Disorder
Gigi is a beggar walking along the streets of Manila. There were numerous cases where she was brought to the authorities because people were claiming that she was pretending to be blind in order to receive alms from other people. Upon further checking her recent medical history, it was proven that she does not have any difficulty seeing. What could be present in this scenario?
Malingering
Factitious Disorder
Conduct Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Malingering
Upon further assessment, Mil was shown to have significant hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a manic and depressive episode. These symptoms have been causing significant distress and impairment on her end for more than 2 years already. What might be the case in this scenario?
Borderline PD
Dysthymia (Persistent Depressive Disorder)
Cyclothymic Disorder
Other Specified Bipolar Disorder
Cyclothymic Disorder
As a toddler, Gill (9) often experienced significant neglect from her caregivers. Her parents often go out because both are working to meet the needs of the family. She has then started to show signs of indifference towards her caregivers. It was observed that she is having trouble making normal relationship with her attachment figures. These disturbance were already observed before she even reached the age of 5. This is an example of ____
DSED
RAD
ODD
RAD
Maya (23) has been having trouble finding a suitable job for 2 years. She often hops from one job on to the other because of her fear of being negatively evaluated by others. Her low self-esteem and a negative self-image has contributed to her extreme shyness which has been a pervasive pattern of behavior that kept her from forming valuable and warm relationships with others ever since she was a child. What is your diagnosis?
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder
Paranoid PD
Avoidant PD
Avoidant PD
Huntington’s: Chromosome 4; Parkinson’s: Chromosome ________
18
6
14
6
Tio has an opioid addiction. To overcome his drug dependency he was given methadone, an _________ which has a similar makeup to an opioid but less dangerous. He was given with such medication until he is able to function properly without using the drug and has a complete recovery without withdrawal symptoms.
Antagonist
Aversive
Agonist
Antabuse
Agonist
Makie (7) is showing signs of problems in social communication and interaction. She often behaves in a manner that is inappropriate for the social context. She is also often unable to pick-up verbal and nonverbal cues which often led to her being unable to properly relate to kids her age. She has no known problems when it comes to cognitive nor language ability. No restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior were observed with her. This might be a case of _________
Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder
Communication Disorder
Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder
Ili has been eating small beads for quite some time already. She was discovered to have an intense fear of gaining weight. She was also undergoing intense exercise to loose weight. Just two days ago, she was hospitalized because her body as been losing a significant amount of weight. This is an example of ___________
Pica Disorder
Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Anorexia Nervosa
This system helps regulate our emotional experiences and expressions and, to some extent, our ability to learn and to con- trol our impulses. It is also involved with the basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst.
Limbic sysmtem
The ____ regulates many automatic activities, such as breathing, the pumping action of the heart (heartbeat), and digestion.
Hindbrain
A man was brought into the clinic because he is facing legal charges for he was caught masturbating while watching an unsuspecting person while they were taking a bath from afar. It was discovered that he was doing it ever since he was a child. While the man was remorseful for his actions, he has not shown any significant distress or impairment on his end. The clinician mentioned in their report that the man did not met the criteria for the diagnosis of Voyeuristic Disorder. Is their decision correct?
a. Yes, because the diagnosis should’ve been Exhibitionistic Disorder.
b. Yes, because the man has not shown significant distress or impairment which is a criteria for Voyeuristic Disorder
c. No, because the man has been showing the symptoms ever since he was a child which is well-beyond the 6-month criteria for paraphilic disorders.
d. No, because the man has shown remorse which is enough to diagnose him with Voyeuristic Disorder
b. Yes, because the man has not shown significant distress or impairment which is a criteria for Voyeuristic Disorder
Thinking seriously about suicide
Suicidal ideation
Formulation of specific method for killing oneself
Suicide plan
The person survives self- injures with the intent to die
Suicide attempt - attempters
The person survive from self-injured but doesn’t have intent to die; communicate a cry for help
Suicide attempt- gesturer
Emile durkeim: formalized suicide; out of duty/ sacrifice. Example, People who commit suicide due to the reason of brought dishonor to the family. The sacrifice of one’s life in order to save or benefit others, for the good of the group, or to preserve the traditions and honor of a society. It is always intentional.
Altruistic suicide
Chromosome 21
Down syndrome
Deficiency in the amount or content of speech , a disturbance often seen in people with schizophrenia.
Alogia
Inability to experience pleasure, associated with some mood and schizophrenic disorders.
Anhedonia
Part of the brain that responsible for emotion
Amygdala
The _____ helps manage your body temperature, hunger and thirst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure and sleep. .Keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis.
Hypothalamus
Hindbrain contains the ff:
Medula
Pons
Cerebellum (motor coordination)
This disorder is characterized by disturbed sleep (either insomnia or excessive sleepiness during the day) brought on by the brain’s inability to synchronize its sleep patterns with the current patterns of day and night. At least 1 month but less than 3 months. “Spring ahead; fall back”
Carcadian rhythm sleep disorder
Happens when a person is socially separated from other people and feel they have no place among other people or the society; thus, the decision to commit suicide. In this case, the suicide is self-centered because the person lacks feelings due to a lack of interaction with the society.
Egoistic Suicide
A form of self-harm in which someone mimics the act of suicide without the intent to kill themselves
Parasuicide
one of four types of suicide proposed in 1897 by Émile Durkheim, involving the perception that one’s relationship to society has changed so radically that its values and norms are no longer personally relevant. Ex. Loss of high prestige job.
Anomic Suicide
Occurs when a person is excessively regulated, when their futures are pitilessly blocked and passions violently choked by oppressive discipline. It is the opposite of anomic suicide, and occurs in societies so oppressive their inhabitants would rather die than live on. Loss control over one’s own destiny. Ex. Athletes who got injured and couldn’t play anymore.
Fatalistic Suicide
Number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time
prevalence
Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period
incidence
Cause or source of a disorder
etiology
Obsessional thinking involving excessive, repetitive thoughts or themes that interfere with other forms of mental activity. It is a common feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
Rumination
Refers to a person’s ability to withstand stress without becoming seriously impaired
Stress Tolerance
Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura
Psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder.
schizoaffective disorder
Motor movement disturbance seen in people with some psychoses and mood disorders in which body postures are waxy and can be “sculpted” to remain fixed for long periods.
catalepsy
a person who demonstrates exceptional, usually isolated, cognitive abilities, such as rapid calculation, identifying the day of the week for any given date, or musical talent, especially in an individual with a mental or neurodevelopmental disorder, such as intellectual developmental disorder or autism spectrum disorder.
Savant
Disturbance of motor behavior in which the person remains motionless, sometimes in an awkward posture, for extended periods.
catatonic immobility
Disorder of movement involving immobility or excited agitation. Sometimes accompanies psychotic disorders or mood disorders.
Catatonia
Psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia but lasting less than 6 months.
schizophreniform disorder
Devastating psychotic disorder that may involve characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior.
schizophrenia
Sexual disorder in which the client finds it difficult to function adequately while having sex
sexual dysfunction
Psychotic disturbance in which individuals develop a delusion similar to that of a person with whom they share a close relationship.
shared psychotic disorder (folie à deux)
involved in processing of information and coordination of movement, as well as inhibition and restraint. It also assists in the regulation of eating, sexual, and aggressive behaviors, all of which may be involved in different psychological disorders. Its interaction with dopamine is implicated in
schizophrenia.
serotonin Neurotransmitter
(previously known as somatization disorder) Disorder involving extreme and long-lasting focus on multiple physical symptoms for which no medical cause is evident
somatic symptom disorder
Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by academic performance that is substantially below what would
be expected given the person’s age, intelligence quotient (IQ) score, and education.
specific learning disorder
Unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with daily life functioning.
specific phobia
Disorder involving brief periods when breathing ceases during sleep
sleep apnea
Contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems
psychodynamic psychotherapy
Cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce unwanted behaviors by having clients imagine the extremely aversive consequences of the behaviors and establish negative rather than positive associations with them.
covert sensitization
the false attribution to the self of great ability, knowledge, importance or worth, identity, prestige, power, accomplishment, or the like.
Delusion of grandeur
the false conviction that the actions of others and events occurring in the external world have some special meaning or significance (typically negative) in relation to oneself.
Delusion of reference
the false conviction that others are threatening or conspiring against one
Delusion of persecution
Traditional cut-off in diagnosing intellectual disability
IQ score below 70
DSM-5 sets four intellectual disability severity levels:
mild, moderate, severe, and profound.
The ff are hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms of ADHD except:
Forgetfulness
Fidgeting
Has difficulty waiting for one’s turn
Blurts out answer before the question is complete
Forgetfulness
A nucleus within the basal ganglia involved in learning and memory that is implicated in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
caudate nucleus
Which neurotransmitter is reduced in both the manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder?
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter of the central nervous system whose disturbances apparently figure in depression.
serotonin.
A genetic deficiency in a liver enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase, that causes severe intellectual disability unless phenylalanine can be largely restricted from the diet.
phenylketonuria (PKU).
A DSM-5 disorder defined by depressive
symptoms that last at least 2 years.
persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia).
a therapy approach that focuses on managing irrational or unhealthy thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
A drug useful in treating both mania and depression in bipolar disorder
lithium
Memory that underlies
behavior but is based on experiences that cannot be consciously recalled; typically not compromised in cases of dissociative amnesia. Compare explicit memory.
implicit memory.
A disorder defined by excessive concern and help-seeking abouthealth concerns in the absence of major physical symptoms
illness anxiety disorder
Involves being unable to recall a specific event or events or a specific period of time.
Localized amnesia
In IAD, physical symptoms are:
mild or not present
formal thought disorder is also known ;
Disorganized speech
Central nervous system neurotransmitter, a catecholamine that is also a precursor of norepinephrine and apparently figures
in schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease.
dopamine
A rare
dissociative disorder (formerly called multiple
personality disorder, or MPD) in which two or
more distinct and separate personalities are
present within the same individual, each with
his or her own memories, relationships, and
behavior patterns, with only one of them dominant at any given time.
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
A DSM-5 disorder defined by severe temper outbursts and observably irritable mood between outbursts in youth older than age 6.
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
A method for reducing the biasing effects of the expectations of research participant and experimenter; neither is allowed to know whether the independent variable of the experiment is being applied to the participant
double-blind procedure.
As applied by Masters and Johnson, the second stage of the sexual response cycle, characterized by pleasure associated with increased blood flow to the genitalia.
excitement phase.
A form of intellectual disability caused by a third copy of chromosome 21; involves an IQ score usually lower than 50 as well as distinctive physical characteristics.
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
A phenomenon in which individuals exhibiting psychotic symptoms fall to the bottom of the social ladder or even become homeless because they cannot hold down a job or sustain a relationship Incorrect.
Downward Drift
sociological concept purporting to explain the higher incidence of schizophrenia in urban poverty centers, suggesting that during the preclinical phase people tend to drift into poverty and social isolation. Also called downward drift hypothesis.
Downward Drift Hypothesis
produced or determined by society or social forces.
sociogenic
schizophrenia posits that stressful social conditions, such as living in impoverished circumstances, are major contributors to and causal agents of the disorder.
sociogenic hypothesis
The most widely used and accepted
treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, in
which the suff erer is prevented from engaging in
compulsive ritual activity and instead faces the
anxiety provoked by the stimulus, leading eventually to extinction of the conditioned response
(anxiety).
exposure and response prevention
(ERP). T
Disorder in which the
individual’s physical or psychological symptoms appear under voluntary control and are
adopted merely to assume the role of a sick
person; called factitious disorder by proxy or
Munchausen syndrome when a parent produces
a physical illness in a child.
factitious disorder
With impairment in reading
dyslexia
With impairment in mathematics
dyscalculia
With impairment in written expression
dysgraphia
Is a process that strengthens the likelihood of a particular response by adding a stimulus after the behavior is performed.
Positive reinforcement
Strengthens the likelihood of a particular response, but by removing an undesirable consequence.
Negative reinforcement
allowing a child to play on their tablet if they finish their homework is an example of positive reinforcement, is what reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement
A child finishing their homework to avoid having their tablet taken, is what kind of reinforcement?
Negative Reinforcement
Behavioral deficits in schizophrenia, which include flat affect, anhedonia, asociality, alogia, and avolition.
negative symptoms
A short-lived anxiety reaction to a traumatic event, at least 2 days, if it lasts more than a month, it is diagnosed as posttraumatic stress disorder.
acute stress disorder (ASD)
Anxiety disorder in which the
person fears situations in which it would be
embarrassing or diff icult to escape if panic
symptoms occurred; most commonly diagnosed in some individuals with panic disorder.
agoraphobia.
A negative symptom in schizophrenia,
marked by diminished speaking
alogia
A dementia involving a progressive atrophy of cortical tissue and marked by memory impairment, intellectual deterioration, and loss of motivation.
Alzheimer’s disease.
A group of stimulating drugs that produce heightened levels of energy and, in large doses, nervousness, sleeplessness, and paranoid delusions
amphetamines
Any of the various forms of a particular
gene
Allele
A subcortical structure of the temporal lobe involved in attention to emotionally
salient stimuli and memory of emotionally
relevant events.
amygdala
A negative symptom in schizophrenia or a symptom in depression in which the individual experiences a loss of interest and pleasure.
anhedonia.
A disorder in which a person restricts food that results in extreme weight loss, fears gaining weight, and has a distorted body image.
at least 3 months, adolescence
anorexia nervosa.
A drug that makes the drinking of alcohol produce nausea and other unpleasant effects
Antabuse
Expected or anticipated pleasure for events, people, or activities in the future.
anticipatory pleasure
Any drug that alleviates depression; also widely used to treat anxiety disorders.
antidepressant
Psychoactive drugs, such as thorazine or olanzapine, that reduce psychotic symptoms but have long-term side effects resembling symptoms of neurological diseases.
antipsychotic drugs.
Personality disorder defined by the absence of concern for others’ feelings or social norms and a
pervasive pattern of rule breaking.
*Onset: age at least 18 yrs old
*Comorbid history of conduct disorder before age 15
*at least 3 symptoms of Law breaking, lying/ deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, lack of remorse, reckless disregard for own safety and others
Antisocial PD (Cluster B)
An unpleasant feeling of fear and
apprehension accompanied by increased physiological arousal. Anxiety can be assessed by
self-report, by measuring physiological arousal,
and by observing overt behavior
anxiety.
Disorders in which fear or anxiety is overriding and the primary disturbance; include phobic disorders, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and agoraphobia.
anxiety disorders.
Minor tranquilizers or benzodiazepines used to treat anxiety disorders
anxiolytics.
A negative symptom of schizophrenia marked by an inability to form close relationships and to feel intimacy.
asociality
The type or style of an infant’s attachment to his or her caregivers can set the stage for psychological health or problems later in development.
attachment theory
A disorder in children marked by difficulties in focusing adaptively on the task at hand, inappropriate fidgeting and antisocial behavior, and excessive non-goal-directed behavior
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD).
Trait-like tendencies to make a certain type of attribution for life events.
attributional style.
