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AP Psychology > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Relative importance of genes and experience in determining behavior

A

Nature vs nurture

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2
Q

Begins when a woman’s ovary releases a mature egg. The few sperm from the man that reach the egg release digestive enzymes that eat away at the eggs protective covering. As soon as one sperm penetrates the egg, the egg’s surface blocks all other sperm. The egg and sperm nuclei fuse and become one.

A

Conception

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3
Q

Fertilized human eggs; during the first week, the cells in this cluster begin to specialize in structure and function; they begin to differentiate. The outer part of the egg attaches to the uterine wall, forming the placenta.

A

Zygote

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4
Q

From about 2-8 weeks of age, the developing human formed from the inner cells of the fertilized egg is called _______. During the final stage of prenatal development, the developing human is called a _________.

A

embryo; fetus

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5
Q

along with nutrients, a range of harmful substances know as __________ can pass through the placenta. (alcohol consumption - FAS)

A

teratogens

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6
Q

when an infant’s cheek is touched, vigorously searches for the mother’s chest, a response known as

A

rooting reflex

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7
Q

Believed that newborn experiences a “blooming, buzzing confusion” that is incorrect.

A

William James

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8
Q

Give some evidence supporting the claim that a newborn’s sensory equipment is biologically prewired to facilitate social responsiveness.

A
  • NEWBORNS REFLEXIVELY TURN THEIR HEADS IN THE DIRECTION OF HUMAN VOICES.
  • THEY GAZE LONGER AT A DRAWING OF A HUMAN FACE THAN AT A BULL’S-EYE PATTERN.
    -THEY FOCUS BEST ON OBJECTS ABOUT 8 TO 12 INCHES AWAY, WHICH IS ABOUT THE DISTANCE BETWEEN A NURSING INFANT’S EYES AND THE MOTHER’S. WITHIN DAYS, THEY RECOGNIZE THEIR MOTHER’S SMELL AND VOICE.
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9
Q

To study infants’ thinking, developmental researchers have focused on a simple form of learning called _________, which involves a ______________ in responding with repeated stimulation. Using this procedure, researchers have found that infants can discriminate colors, shapes, and sounds, numbers and physics.

A

habituation; decrease

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10
Q

Between 3 and 6 years of age, the brain is developing most rapidly in the _____________ lobes, which enable _______ ______.

A

frontal lobes; rational planning

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11
Q

After puberty, a process of _____________ shuts down some neural connections and strengthens others.

A

pruning

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12
Q

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior are called _______.

A

maturation

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13
Q

Infants pass the milestones of _____________ development at different rates, but the basic sequence of stages is fixed. They sit before they crawl and walk before they run.

A

motor

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14
Q

what factor plays a major role in motor development?

A

genes

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15
Q

Until the necessary muscular and neural maturation is complete, including the rapid development of the brain’s ___________, experience has a small effect on behavior.

A

cerebellum

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16
Q

Our earliest memories generally do not occur before age 3 - 3.5. This phenomenon has been called “__________ ________.”

A

infantile amnesia

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17
Q

Preschoolers have difficulty perceiving things from another person’s point of view. This inability is called

A

egocentrism

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18
Q

The child’s growing ability to take another’s perspective is evidence that the child is acquiring a ________ __ _______. Between 3 ½ and 4, children come to realize that others may hold false beliefs . Between 5 and 8, they learn that self-produced thoughts can create feelings_.

A

theory of mind

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19
Q

The disorder characterized by deficient communication and social interaction and an impaired theory of mind is ___________. This disorder is related to malfunctions of brain areas that enable attending to others. The”high functioning” form of this disorder is called __________.

A

autism; aspergers

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20
Q

A new theory proposes that autism represents an “extreme male brain.” According to this theory, girls tend to be ___________, who are better than boys at reading facial expressions and gestures. Boys tend to be __________, who understand things in terms of rules or laws.

A

empathizers; systemizers

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21
Q

The first researcher to show that the thought processes of adults and children are very different was

A

Piaget

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22
Q

To organize and interpret his or her experiences, the developing child constructs cognitive concepts called ______________.

A

schemas

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23
Q

The interpretation of new experiences in terms of existing ideas is called ___________. The adaptation of existing ideas to fit new experiences is called _________.

A

assimilation; accommodation

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24
Q

The term for all the mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, communicating, and knowing is __________.

A

cognition

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25
Q

In Piaget’s first stage of development, the _________ stage, children experience the world through their motor and sensory interactions with objects. This stage occurs between infancy and nearly age 2.
The awareness that things continue to exist even when they are removed from view is called ____________. This awareness begins to develop at about 8 months of age.

A

sensorimotor; object permanence

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26
Q

According to Piaget, during the preschool years and up to age 6 OR 7, children are in the ________ stage.
The principle that the quantity of a substance remains the same even when the shape of its container changes is called __________. Piaget believed that preschoolers have not developed this concept.

A

preoperational; conservation

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27
Q

Russian psychologist ___________ ____________ noted that by age 7 children stop thinking aloud and instead rely on inner speech. When parents give children words, they provide, according to this theorist, a scaffold upon which the child can build higher-level thinking.

A

lev vygotsky

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28
Q

Piaget believed that children acquire the mental abilities needed to comprehend mathematical transformations and conservation by about 6 OR 7 years of age. At this time, they enter the ________ _______ stage.

A

concrete operational

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29
Q

In Piaget’s final stage, the __________ __________ stage, reasoning expands from the purely concrete to encompass abstract thinking. Piaget believed most children begin to enter this stage by age 12.

A

formal operational

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30
Q

how contemporary researchers view Piaget’s theory.

A

DEVELOPMENT AS MORE CONTINUOUS THAN DID PIAGET. BY DETECTING THE BEGINNINGS OF EACH TYPE OF THINKING AT EARLIER AGES, THEY HAVE REVEALED CONCEPTUAL ABILITIES THAT PIAGET MISSED. THEY ALSO SEE FORMAL LOGIC AS A SMALLER PART OF COGNITION THAN PIAGET DID. DESPITE THESE REVISIONS TO PIAGET’S THEORY, STUDIES SUPPORT THE BASIC IDEAL THAT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT UNFOLDS AS A SEQUENCE OF DISTINCT STAGES.

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31
Q

Soon after object permanence emerges and children become mobile, a new fear, called ________ _________, emerges.
This fear emerges at age 8 months.

A

stranger anxiety

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32
Q

The development of a strong emotional bond between infant and parent is called _________.

A

attachment

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33
Q

Harlow’s studies of monkeys have shown that mother-infant attachment does not depend on the mother providing nourishment as much as it does on her providing the comfort of _________ _____________ and _______.

A

body comfort; familiarity

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34
Q

In some animals, attachment will occur only during a restricted time called a critical period. ___ ____discovered that young birds would follow almost any object if it were the first moving thing they observed. This phenomenon is called __________.

A

konrad lorenz; imprinting

35
Q

Placed in a research setting called the ________ ______, children show one of two patterns of attachment:
secure or insecure attachment.

A

strange situation

36
Q

According to Erikson, securely attached infants approach life with a sense of _______ _________.

A

basic trust

37
Q

Harlow found that when monkeys reared in social isolation are placed with other monkeys, they reacted with either fear or _______.

A

aggression

38
Q

Although most children who grow up under adversity are resilient and become normal adults, early abuse and excessive exposure to stress hormones may alter the development of the brain chemical ___________.

A

serotonin

39
Q

influences in a child’s development are

A

THE MOTHER’S SENSITIVITY, THE CHILD’S TEMPERAMENT, AND THE FAMILY’S ECONOMIC AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL

40
Q

The primary social achievement of childhood is the development of a _________, which occurs in most children by age 12. A child’s self-image generally becomes stable between the ages of 8-10, when children begin to describe themselves in terms of gender, group memberships, and psychological traits.

A

self concept

41
Q

Identify several characteristics of children who have formed a positive self-image.

A

CONFIDENT, INDEPENDENT, OPTIMISTIC, ASSERTIVE AND SOCIABLE.

42
Q

Parents who impose rules and expect obedience are exhibiting this style of parenting.

A

authoritarian

43
Q

Parents who make few demands of their children and tend to submit to their children’s desires are identified as these types of parents.

A

permissive

44
Q

Setting and enforcing standards after discussion with their children is the approach taken by these parents.
Studies have shown that there tends to be a correlation between high self-esteem on the part of the child and this style of parenting. This may be because this parenting style gives children the greatest sense of control over their lives.

A

authoritative

45
Q

development of the reproductive organs and external genitalia

A

primary sex characteristics

46
Q

pubic hair and enlarged breasts in females and facial hair in males - nonreproductive

A

secondary sex characteristics

47
Q

The first menstrual period is called __________. In boys, the first ejaculation is called ___________.

A

menarche; spermarche

48
Q

The adolescent brain undergoes a selective pruning of unused connections. Also, teens’ occasional impulsiveness and risky behaviors may be due, in part, to the fact that development in the brain’s ____ ____ lags behind that of the limbic system.

A

frontal lobe

49
Q

Piaget’s final stage of cognitive development is the stage of _______ _____. The adolescent in this stage is capable of thinking logically about abstract as well as concrete propositions.

A

formal operations

50
Q

The theorist who proposed that moral thought progresses through stages is ________.

A

kohlberg

51
Q

The Kohlberg stages are divided into three basic levels:

A

pre-conventional, conventional, and post conventional

52
Q

forms in early childhood; obeying rules in order to avoid punishment or gain rewards.

A

preconventional

53
Q

emerges by early adolescence. The emphasis is on gaining social approval or upholding the social other.

A

conventional

54
Q

base moral judgments on their own perceptions of basic ethical principles

A

post conventional

55
Q

criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

A

CRITICS OF KOHLBERG’S THEORY ARGUE THAT THE PERCEPTION OF POSTCONVENTIONAL MORAL REASONING AS THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT REFLECTS A WESTERN MIDDLE-CLASS BIAS. OTHERS HAVE ARGUED THAT FOR WOMEN, MORALITY IS LESS A MATTER OF ABSTRACT, IMPERSONAL JUSTICE AND MORE AN ETHIC OF CARING RELATIONSHIPS.

56
Q

idea that moral feelings precede moral reasoning

A

social intuitionist

57
Q

idea that moral judgment involves more than merely thinking; it is also gut-level feeling.

A

moral paradoxes

58
Q

trust vs. mistrust (erickson)

A

infancy

59
Q

autonomy vs. shame & doubt (erickson)

A

toddlerhood

60
Q

initiative vs. guilt (erickson)

A

preschooler

61
Q

competence vs. inferiority (erickson)

A

elementary school

62
Q

identity vs. role confusion (erickson)

A

adolescence

63
Q

intimacy vs. isolation (erickson)

A

young adulthood

64
Q

generativity vs. stagnation (erickson)

A

middle adulthood

65
Q

integrity vs despair (erickson)

A

late adulthood

66
Q

Erikson saw the formation of identity as a prerequisite for the development of ______ in young adulthood.

A

intimacy

67
Q

Because the time from 18 to the mid-twenties is increasingly a not-yet-settled phase of life, some psychologists refer to this period as a time of

A

emerging adulthood

68
Q

The mental erosion that results from progressive damage to the brain is called

A

dementia

69
Q

The irreversible disorder that causes progressive brain deterioration is

A

alzheimer’s

70
Q

alzheimer’s has been linked to a deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

71
Q

Studies of developmental changes in learning and memory show that during adulthood there is a decline in the ability to _____ information but not in the ability to ______such information.

A

recall; recognize

72
Q

this memory remains strong when events help trigger recall.

A

prospective

73
Q

A research study in which people of various ages are compared with one another is called a ________-_________ study. This kind of study found evidence of intellectual decline during adulthood.

A

cross-sectional

74
Q

A research study in which the same people are retested over a period of years is called a ______ study. This kind of study found evidence of intellectual stability during adulthood.

A

longitudinal

75
Q

The accumulation of stored information that comes with education and experience, tends to increase with age

A

crystalized intelligence

76
Q

ability to reason abstractly, tends to decrease with age

A

fluid intelligence

77
Q

The term used to refer to the culturally preferred timing for leaving home, getting a job, marrying

A

social clock

78
Q

Human societies have nearly always included a relatively ________ bond. Marriage bonds are usually lasting when couples marry after age 20 and are well educated.

A

monogamous

79
Q

From early adulthood to midlife, people typically experience a strengthening sense of

A

identity, confidence, self-esteem

80
Q

As we age, this brain area shows decreased activity in response to negative events.

A

amygdala

81
Q

theory of cognitive development

A

piaget

82
Q

theory of moral development

A

kohlberg

83
Q

theory of psychosocial development

A

erikson

84
Q

consistency of personality shows that some traits are more stable than others, such as social attitudes.

A

temperament

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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