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Psychology 1st year > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

If children are like mini adults, psychologically speaking, then the form of their knowledge would be…?

A

Quantitatively different from tht of adults

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2
Q

The continuity-discontinuity debate is a ______ theme in developmental psychology

A

Pervasive - existing and spreading widely throughout people

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3
Q

Behaviourists stresses the importance of nature or nurture ?

A

Nurture

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4
Q

Give an example of psychic learning

A

Fish foraging at the surface when the owner stands near the aquarium

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5
Q

Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning focused on the association between what ?

A

Pairs of stimuli

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6
Q

What is reinforcement ?

A

A stimuli that follows the emission of a response which renders the same response more probable in the future

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7
Q

Chomsky is a…?

A

Nativist

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8
Q

What does Chomsky’s theory principally relate to ?

A

Language development

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9
Q

What is maturational unfolding ?

A

Genetically determined developmental progression (such as puberty)

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10
Q

Bowlby’s theory of…?

A

Attachment

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11
Q

Freuds psychosexual theory focused mainly on what ?

A

Personality development

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12
Q

Piaget belonged to which theoretical tradition ?

A

Constructivism

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13
Q

What did Piaget mean by egocentrism ?

A

Children have difficulty understanding other people’s perspectives

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14
Q

Piaget suggested that the stages of development are the products of what ?

A

Construction

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15
Q

In Piaget’s opinion, is it possible to miss a stage of development ?

A

No, it’s impossible

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16
Q

Piaget argued that the thinking in one stage of development is ________ the thinking in another stage

A

Qualitatively different from

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17
Q

What is a micro genetic approach ?

A

Repeated observations over a period of weeks or months

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18
Q

Modern theories seek to…?

A

Explain how nature and nurture combine in development

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19
Q

According to Skinner, behaviour is ______ reinforcement

A

Conditional upon

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20
Q

Behaviourists argue that language development is the product of what ?

A

Skinnerian conditioning

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21
Q

According to Chomsky what is a ‘deep structure’ ?

A

A universal grammar that underpins all natural languages

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22
Q

Is a fMRI or an EEG more precise ?

A

fMRI is more precise

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23
Q

Name two techniques that have been used to good effect with infants for investigating aspects of cognitive and perceptual development

A

Non-nutritive sucking (sucking fingers and pacifiers)
Preferential looking (monitoring how and where children look in response to stimuli)

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24
Q

Give 4 criticisms for Piaget’s investigation of object permanence

A

Potential bias in observation
Small sample size
Possibilities of other explanations were not ruled out
The findings were over-interpreted

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25
Q

What did Piaget mean by the term conservation ?

A

Understanding that an underlying property remains invariant despite changes in appearance

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26
Q

What is the yes bias (Ackerman 1982) ?

A

Children are biased to the answer ‘yes’ irrespective of what the correct answer is

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27
Q

What is the performative bias (Ackerman 1981) ?

A

There is a strong tendency for children to not answer a question verbally but by carrying out a relevant action

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28
Q

Who said that we should abandon the mind all together and concentrate on understanding the principles of behaviour ?

A

B. F. Skinner

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29
Q

Which technique provides the most accurate information about the speed of attention at the level of the cortex ?

A

EEG

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30
Q

Name 4 things about the mirror neuron hypothesis (Rizzolatti & Craighero 2004)

A

It predicts it is quite easy for a person to imagine being in the same situation as another whom they are observing
It explains why yawning is contagious
Neurons in ones brain resonate with those in another brain
It has become very well known among the neuroscience community

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31
Q

What is counterbalancing ?

A

An experimental technique in which all possible orders of presenting the variables are included

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32
Q

In Thouless’ 1931 study, he found…?

A

Participants exaggerated circularity

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33
Q

Give 4 benefits of brain-imaging techniques

A

Enables us to identify areas of brain damage
Enables us to understand how cognitive functions are represented in the architecture of the brain
Enables us to test theories
Enables us to address questions on how we can acquire an understanding of the mind

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34
Q

Give 4 limitations of brain-imaging techniques

A

Testing conditions don’t resemble a real world environment
Only indicates the location of cognitive processes
Preparation for testing can be complicated and time consuming
Testing can be costly

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35
Q

The preferential looking procedure is based on the principle that…?

A

All things being equal, babies prefer looking at novel rather than familiar objects

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36
Q

What is a challenge for preferential looking ?

A

Data coding can be difficult

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37
Q

Give 4 true facts about the recording of eye movements using an eye tracker

A

It measures the direction of the baby’s gaze
It tells us fairly precisely where the baby looked at
Some eye trackers can provide information about pupil dilation
The eye tracker will generate a recording of the scene the baby observed

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38
Q

What method can be used to solve the problem of extraneous effects associated with the positioning of objects in the preferential looking procedure ?

A

Counterbalancing

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39
Q

At what age do children give non-conserving answers ?

A

7 and below

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40
Q

What is the most basic form of bias in children answering questions ?

A

Yes bias

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41
Q

Give 4 facts about intellectual realism

A

It is measurable in adults and children
Perception is likely to be influences by previous experience and knowledge
Adults judgement is contaminated by knowledge
It can be investigated by asking ps to draw what they see

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42
Q

If children exaggerated circularity when asked to draw a dinner plate they are viewing squarely, the following statement would be accurate

A

Exaggeration is due to a characteristic in perception

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43
Q

What does the A not B error relate to ?

A

Objects permanence

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44
Q

According to Piaget, the A not B error implies that…?

A

Perception is subordinate to action

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45
Q

The term solipsism is most relevant in which Piagetian stage ?

A

Formal operational

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46
Q

Which process is most relevant in resolving cognitive conflict ?

A

Equilibration

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47
Q

How many stages of infancy did Piaget find ?

A

6

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48
Q

What is a classic example of deep seated egocentrism in infants during the A not B task ?

A

Failure to understand the invisible displacement of an object

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49
Q

What was one of the reasons Piaget offered as to why infants had difficulty with the object concept ?

A

Lack of imagination

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50
Q

According to Piaget, what is the most important difference between the sensorimotor stage and the preoperational stage ?

A

Imagination

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51
Q

According to Piaget, what is one of the most important benefits of mental imagery ?

A

It allows symbolic thought

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52
Q

During tests of conservation, what did children aged 6 and below say ?

A

The tall thin glass had more than the short wide glass

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53
Q

What did Piaget aim to investigate during a test of class inclusion ?

A

An understanding of categorical hierarchy

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54
Q

Give an example of transitive inference

A

Standing by a wall and marking your height with chalk, and then asking another person to stand by the mark to see if they are taller or shorter

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55
Q

What principle do children use when solving the problem of conservation ?

A

Compensation

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56
Q

What term refers to a mechanism putatively involved in cognitive growth ?

A

Equilibration

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57
Q

What does accommodation means in Piagetian theory ?

A

Modification to a scheme

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58
Q

What does assimilation mean in Piagetian theory ?

A

Using a scheme in a new way

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59
Q

What is an example of a scheme in Piagetian theory ?

A

Sucking

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60
Q

What is an example of a formal operation ?

A

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning (What factor determines the speed of the pendulum)

61
Q

Who introduced the concept of personal fable ?

A

Elkind

62
Q

Imaginary audience is an aspect of what ?

A

Adolescent egocentrism

63
Q

What did Bower 1965 find about object permanence and size constancy ?

A

Children responded to an object that was the same size as presented previously but presented at a different distance during the testing phase

64
Q

Billargeon, Spelke and Wasserman 1985 measured what in babies ?

A

Surprise

65
Q

Wynn’s 1992 study on object concept reveals an incipient ability in what ?

A

Numeracy

66
Q

Buuterworth’s 1981 studies on joint attention in infancy reveal what ?

A

An early ability to calculate the geometry of another persons direction of gaze

67
Q

Harris’ 1974 investigation into the A not B error ruled out what as an explanation ?

A

Memory failure

68
Q

How did Margaret Donaldson criticize Piaget’s experiments ?

A

They lack human sense

69
Q

What was the aim of McGarrigle and Donaldson’s naughty teddy experiment ?

A

To test children’s understanding of conservation

70
Q

What is level 1 perspective taking ?

A

Understanding that an obstacle is capable of blocking ones view

71
Q

McGarrigle and Donaldson argued that young children will fail the class inclusion task because they wrongly think…?

A

That they are being asked to compare subclass with subclass

72
Q

Bryant and Trabasso 1971 explained that young children’s errors in tests of transitive inference was a result of what ?

A

Memory failure

73
Q

What did Rai and Mitchell’s 2006 study suggest about 4 year olds ?

A

That they can now appreciate that other people can work things out by process of elimination

74
Q

What age can children show sings of understanding simple syllogisms ?

A

4 years old

75
Q

What does the typical performance of an adult on the selection task reveal (Wason) ?

A

Confirmation bias

76
Q

Cheng and Holyoak’s 1985 modification of the selection task suggests that success depend upon what ?

A

The content of the problem

77
Q

What is Vygotsky’s scaffolding ?

A

Cognitive support provided by more cognitively competent individuals

78
Q

What is Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development ?

A

A task that is within the child’s capability as long as they receive support from a more competent individual

79
Q

What is private speech ?

A

Sub-vocal Thoughts

80
Q

What did Vygotsky regard language as ?

A

A vehicle for cultural transmission

81
Q

What does it mean that Vygotsky was a social constructivist ?

A

He believed that development owes something to cultural transmission

82
Q

Who is credited with arguing that a test of false belief is a litmus for investigating children’s development of a theory of mind ?

A

Dennett

83
Q

What was the name of the test that Wimmer and Perner 1983 devised involving a boy’s quest to find his chocolate ?

A

The unexpected transfer test

84
Q

Perrner, Leekman and Wimmer 1987 devised a test that involved a familiar box containing something other than it usually contained, what was this called ?

A

Deceptive box test

85
Q

What age did children pass a conventional test of false belief ?

A

4

86
Q

Gopnik and Astington 1988 found that children aged 3-4…?

A

Perform as well in acknowledging another person’s false belief as in acknowledging their own prior false belief

87
Q

Flavell, Flavell and Green 1983 disguised a sponge as a rock to test what ?

A

The distinction between appearance and reality

88
Q

Gopnik and Astington 1988 concluded that children experience what ?

A

A radical conceptual shift regarding appearance reality checks

89
Q

Why did children aged 3 give incorrect judgement on false beliefs (Lewis and Osborne 1990) ?

A

They misunderstood the question

90
Q

What phrase is more likely to make children answer correctly (Siegal and Beattie 1991) ?

A

First of all

91
Q

Why do children fail to acknowledge their own prior false belief (Wimmer and Hartl 1991) ?

A

They are embarrassed

92
Q

In Wimmer and Hartl’s 1991 test of state change, the child’s initial belief about the content of the box was…?

A

True

93
Q

Wimmer and Hartl 1991 found children made correct judgement on state change, meaning…?

A

They undergo a conceptual shift at about 4

94
Q

How did 3 year olds perform in the state chnage task (Saltmarsh, Mitchell and Robinson 1995) ?

A

They gave the wrong answer

95
Q

What findings did Mitchell 1996 report ?

A

Sometimes adults confuse their own beliefs with other people’s beliefs

96
Q

What did Dunn 1991 find in relation to parents communication and toddlers acknowledging false beliefs ?

A

Children who had the most advanced theory of mind had parents who tended to explain people’s behaviours with reference to psychological factors

97
Q

What did ps do in Bartsch and Wellman’s 1989 variant of a flase belief test ?

A

Explain rather than predict the behaviour

98
Q

What is the relation between children’s acknowledgement of false beliefs and how many siblings they had (Perner, Ruffman and Leekam 1994) ?

A

The likelihood of acknowledging false belief is a positive function of the number of siblings a child has

99
Q

Lewis 1996 found that the age at which children first pass a test of false belief is ____ related to the size of the child’s extended family

A

Negatively

100
Q

What did Lewis, Stranger and Sullivan 1989 investigate ?

A

Young children’s ability to conceal information

101
Q

What did Chandler, Fritz and Hala 1989 investigate ?

A

Destroy evidence

102
Q

According to Saltmarsh and Mitchell 1998, why did children succeed in acknowledging false belief (Sullivan and Winner’s 1993) ?

A

The task was based on state change

103
Q

Cole and Mitchell 1998 found that ____ is related to young children’s ability to acknowledge false beliefs

A

The mothers wellbeing

104
Q

What are the environmental factors effecting development ?

A

Biochemistry of amniotic fluid in the womb
Nutrition
Quality of living space
Socially and intellectually stimulating experiences

105
Q

What impairments do autistic people have ?

A

Communication
Social ability
Imagination

106
Q

What are the symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome ?

A

Intelligence is in the normal range and there is no sign of language delay

107
Q

What facts are true about ADHD ?

A

They can be impulsive
Occurs in 2-3% of children
More common in boys than girls
Have struggle focusing their attention
Hyperactivity

108
Q

What are some features of the frontal lobes ?

A

Inattention and hyperactivity can be caused by damage to the frontal lobe
Damage is called frontal syndrome
Frontal lobe is developed in humans compared to other species
Frontal lobe controls mental activity, a process known as executive function

109
Q

Why do people with ADHD have difficulty with delayed reward gratification ?

A

Disorder at a motivational level

110
Q

What percent is ADHD heritable ?

A

75%

111
Q

What drug is used to treat ADHD ?

A

Ritalin

112
Q

According to Denkla 2006 children with Tourette syndrome are more likely to develop features of what ?

A

ADHD

113
Q

What are some facts about Tourette syndrome ?

A

Sometimes co-exists with OCD
Found in 1% of the population
The most common sign is tics
It is caused by bad parenting

114
Q

What is the difference between Specific Language Impairment and Pragmatic Language Impairment ?

A

SLI is apparent with children’s delay in mastering basic rules of grammar whereas PLI is a disorder in the social use of language

115
Q

Echolalia is where children seem to automatically echo words or phrases, it is prevalent in children with what ?

A

PLI, Pragmatic Language Impairment

116
Q

What is the difference between developmental dyslexia and acquired dyslexia (alexia) ?

A

Alexia results from brain injury whereas developmental dyslexia has a genetic basis

117
Q

What is dyslexia ?

A

Children who have this disorder have difficulty in reading and spelling that is not explained by poor ability

118
Q

What is transparent language ?

A

Where the letters that form words have constant pronunciation

119
Q

What are some clues as to whether a child is dyslexic ?

A

They struggle with identity of how many syllables a word has
The struggle to learn the alphabet
Confuse left with right
Stutters

120
Q

What did Rodrigues 2010 article reveal ?

A

Left handed people are at a greater risk of having disorders associated with language development

121
Q

What did McCann 2007 study on ADHD reveal ?

A

Children became more hyperactive when they consumed a drink containing artificial colours

122
Q

Features of ADHD overlap with features from which other syndrome ?

A

Downs syndrome

123
Q

What is the triad of impairments for autism ?

A

Impairment of social behaviours with others
Impairment in communications
Narrowing of interests with resistance to change

124
Q

Children with autism also have ______ learning abilities

A

Associated learning disabilities

125
Q

What is the basis of autism ?

A

Organic

126
Q

What is Asperger’s syndrome ?

A

A form of autism with no significant delay in language development

127
Q

What is the ratio of boys to girls with autism ?

A

4:1

128
Q

Who discovered autism ?

A

Kanner and Asperger separately

129
Q

The difficulty children with autism have acknowledging false beliefs lend support to which hypothesis ?

A

Theory of mind

130
Q

Who developed the Sally-Anne test for false beliefs ?

A

Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith 1985

131
Q

What percentage of children with autism passed the false belief study ?

A

20%

132
Q

Most children with autism have…?

A

Difficulty with pretence and make belief

133
Q

Is difficulty acknowledging false beliefs specific to autism ?

A

No, children with hearing impairments also have difficulty with this

134
Q

What is the Wisconsin card test ?

A

A test of inflexibility of thought

135
Q

What is the windows task ?

A

A test of inhibition

136
Q

What word best describes children in the windows task ?

A

Perseverance

137
Q

What does the embedded figures measure ?

A

Weak central coherence

138
Q

When children were shown a blue banana what did they do ?

A

Point at a yellow colour sample

139
Q

Do children with autism perform well on the embedded figures task ?

A

Yes

140
Q

The wisconsin card sort test is more likely to reveal distinctive performance in people with what damage ?

A

Damage to the frontal lobes

141
Q

What did Piaget find about children and their sense of numbers ?

A

They have no sense of numbers and relations until they are 7 years old

142
Q

What did Clearfeild and Mix’s 1999 study suggest ?

A

Infants were only sensitive to a change in contour length

143
Q

What is constructivism ?`

A

A theory proposing that knowledge is actively generated by the individual, rather than through genes

144
Q

What are the stages of development ?

A

Sensori motor
Pre operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

145
Q

What is the sensory motor stage ?

A

0-2 years
Failure to differ between self and the surroundings

146
Q

What is the pre operational stage ?

A

2-7 years
Mental imagery without thought

147
Q

What is the concrete operational stage ?

A

7-12 years
Principle thought to real life problems

148
Q

What is the formal operational stage ?

A

12+ years
Principles thought applied to abstract problems

Psychology 1st year (4 decks)

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