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Psychology 1st year > Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an illusion ?

A

Rational inferences

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2
Q

What are considered to be the 5 human senses ?

A

Vision - sight
Audition - sound
Gustation - taste
Olfaction - smell
Tactician - touch

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3
Q

Why have reindeer adapted to perceive ultraviolet light ?

A

Allows them to detect camouflaged prey

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4
Q

What illusion involves the misconception of line length ?

A

Ponzo illusion

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5
Q

What are some facts about light/dark adaptation ?

A

It helps brightness constancy
It is responsible for negative afterimages
It enables the visual system to work under different lighting conditions

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6
Q

What is the Ishihara test used to test ?

A

Colour perception

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7
Q

Where are rods located ?

A

In the peripheral retina

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8
Q

The luminance and wavelength of light are related to what two perceptions ?

A

Brightness and colour

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9
Q

Objects that are perceived to be brighter tend to what ?

A

Reflect more light

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10
Q

What is it called when there is a difference in image location between the eyes ?

A

Binocular disparity

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11
Q

What happens in the horopter ?

A

Objects falling on it will project to corresponding positions in the two references

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12
Q

Which Gestalt principle helps preserve the grouping of occluded objects ?

A

Good continuation

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13
Q

What are 3 evaluations of the Gestalt grouping principle ?

A

Some have been criticised as too imprecise
They have generally been shown to hold across a range of images
They are manifestations of the law of Pragnanz

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14
Q

Harmonics occur at frequencies that are what ?…

A

Multiples of the fundamental frequency

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15
Q

A complex sound consists of more than one what ?

A

Sinusoidal component of different frequencies

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16
Q

Do louder sounds have higher or lower firing rates in the auditory nerve fibres ?

A

Higher

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17
Q

What are 3 facts about sound waves ?

A

They require a medium to travel
They can be visualised using Ruben’s tube
They are caused by vibrations

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18
Q

What is the cone of confusion ?

A

The set positions in space where all sound produces the same binaural localisation cues

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19
Q

What are 3 facts about interaural time differences ?

A

They depend of distance between the ears
They require phase locking
They are maximal when sounds are positioned to one side of the listener

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20
Q

What is the lowest frequency in a sound called ?

A

Fundamental frequency

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21
Q

Which grouping principle does not apply to the perceptual organisation of sounds ?

A

Symmetry

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22
Q

What factors influence the magnitude of interaural time differences ?

A

Location of the source in the azimuth
Speed of sound
Size of head

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23
Q

What percentage of correct answers were there in Broadbent’s 1952 study ?

A

50% - It is very difficult to understand two messages that are presented at the same time

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24
Q

What is shadowing ?

A

Ps is presented with two messages and has to repeat back one of them

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25
Q

Following a dichotic listening task, which characteristics would you expect to be reported from the unattended auditory stream ?

A

Changes from voice to a tone
Changes from male to female

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26
Q

What assumptions are shared by Broadbent’s 1958 and Treisman’s 1960 model ?

A

Selection occurs on the basis of physical characteristics
The perceptual systems have limited capacity
Perceptual information is a subject to a selective filter

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27
Q

What is true of early selection theories ?

A

Unattended information is not identified

28
Q

According to Broadbent, on what basis is irrelevant information filtered out ?

A

Physical stimulus properties

29
Q

What is the point of a flanker test ?

A

Tests the ps ability to ignore distracting information

30
Q

According to Lachter 2004, what is slippage ?

A

A temporary shift in attention to an unattended channel

31
Q

According to Lavie 1995, is processing limited ?

A

Yes, if attended information consumes all processing capacity then nothing else will be attended to

32
Q

What is repetition priming ?

A

When the prime word is the same as the test word

33
Q

What did Lacie and Cox 1997 class as a high perceptual load ?

A

A stimulus that required search for the target

34
Q

Is there a difference in compatibility effects ?

A

Yes, there is an effect in low perceptual load trails but not in high perceptual load trial

35
Q

When perceptual load is low, perceptual load is low, processing of an irrelevant channel is…?

A

Unavoidable

36
Q

What do change blindness and inattentional blindness have in common ?

A

They are both a failure to perceive things that are easily seen once noticed
They are both believed to be due to a lack of attention

37
Q

Simons 2000 found that changed in an image can be hard to detect if…?

A

The change occurs slowly

38
Q

What is a difference between change blindness and inattentional blindness ?

A

Whether or not memory has a role

39
Q

What does the interactive activation model assume ?

A

There are levels of representation associated with features, letters and words
There is bi-directional activation between levels
Activated units at one level exert lateral inhibition on other units

40
Q

According to the logogen model what words require less activation before firing ?

A

Logogens associated with high frequency words

41
Q

When you hear the word mechanic readers assume its a male. What is this called ?

A

An elaborative inference

42
Q

According to the minimalist hypothesis (Mackoon and Ratcliff 1992), when can automatic inferences be made ?

A

When information is explicitly stated in the text

43
Q

Sperling 1960 found that information in the iconic memory decays quickly, how long is it ?

A

0.5 seconds

44
Q

What task is least likely to interfere with a pursuit rotor tracking task ?

A

The visual patterns task

45
Q

What tests show evidence for the phonological loop ?

A

Irrelevant speech effect
Word-length effect
Phonological similarity effect

46
Q

What are the alternatives to Working Memory ?

A

Embedded processes model
SIMPLE model
Feature model

47
Q

Ps were shown a photo for 5 seconds each, even after 10,000 pictures, performance was over 80%. What is this type of memory test ?

A

Recognition

48
Q

What is an issue with eye-witness testimony ?

A

Giving a verbal description of a face can impair subsequent recognition for the face through a process known as verbal overshadowing

49
Q

In Mecher and Schoolers 1996 study, what did they find about wine drinkers and the effects of description ?

A

Novice - memory enhances by verbalisation
Intermediate - memory reduced with verbalisation
Expert - memory unchanged

50
Q

What are the big 5 emotions ?

A

Disgust
Anger
Sadness
Happiness
Fear

51
Q

What does SAM stand for ?

A

Self assessment manikin

52
Q

According to the basic emotion approach we…?

A

Have a set of emotions from which all experiences can be described
Have a limited number of fundamental emotions

53
Q

What is the mere exposure effect ?

A

The preferential liking of objects that have previously been exposed

54
Q

What are the appraisal components described by Smith and Lazarus ?

A

Motivational relevance
Accountability
Future expectancy

55
Q

Give an examples of interpretive bias

A

If I took a remedy for a cold and after 2 days told my friend that this remedy cured my cold

56
Q

What do emotional stroop tasks show ?

A

Angry faces divert participants’ attention from task relevant features

57
Q

What do anxious ps show ?

A

Greater attention capture when they read unambiguous threat words

58
Q

What did Gestalt psychologist focus on their approach to problem solving ?

A

Representation
Reorganization
Insight

59
Q

What is the major obstacle people face when solving problems ?

A

Functional fixedness

60
Q

Thorndike proposed that problem solving was…

A

Incremental - small amounts at a time

61
Q

What are Wallas’ four stages of creative thinking ?

A

Preparation, incubation, illumination, verification

62
Q

The false belief that the probability of future events is influenced by past events is called what ?

A

The gambler’s fallacy

63
Q

How does the availability heuristic lead to errors in reasoning ?

A

Events that are more easily remembered are considered as more probable than events that are less easily remembered

64
Q

Making illusory correlations underlies what ?

A

Superstitions
Stereotypes
Prejudice

65
Q

What is the conjunction rule ?

A

The probability of a conjunction of two events cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituents

Psychology 1st year (4 decks)

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