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PSYCH101 > developmental psych. l and ll > Flashcards

developmental psych. l and ll Flashcards

1
Q

what are some issues within dev. psych?

A

nature vs. nurture, change in stability, continuity vs. stages

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2
Q

how long is pregnancy and how long are the three trimesters?

A

around 9 months
the trimesters are all about 3 months

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3
Q

what is the germinal stage?

A

the first stage, when the zygote is just forming and implanting into uterine wall, clump of cells

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4
Q

what is the embryo stage?

A

cells begin forming, neural tube forms

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5
Q

what is cephalocaudal and proximodistal?

A

head to tail, near to far

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6
Q

what is the fetal stage?

A

in the second trimester: movement, nervous system and brain dev.
in the third trimester: neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems

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7
Q

what/when is the age of viability

A

22 weeks, the age where a baby can survive with extreme medical intervention

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8
Q

why does sound adaptation happen in fetuses?

A

sounds heard in the womb become habitual, therefore do not bother the fetus when born
ex: vacuuming noises

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9
Q

what are the three env. influences on a fetus?

A

maternal malnutrition, infections, teratogens

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10
Q

what are teratogens and what are some ways they reach the fetus?

A

toxins introduced by the carrier, can come from drugs/alcohol/tobacco/chemicals, viruses/bacteria, and health conditions

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11
Q

what are some innate skills a baby is born with?

A

breathing, crying, reflexes, looking for food

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12
Q

what are the three sets of reflexes that help survival in babies?

A

oxygen, maintaining body temp. manage feeding

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13
Q

what are some other reflexes? (3)

A

babinski, moro, palmar grasping reflex

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14
Q

what are the 4 different ways to examine maturation?

A

brain, motor skills, cognitive, social and emotional

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15
Q

what is maturation?

A

growth and development that is predictable and sequential in changes in behaviour
nurture adjusts the timing, nature sets the sequence

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16
Q

explain what happens to neuron connections through womb to early childhood

A

womb - rapid rate of neuron creation
birth - connections between neurons increase
infancy - neural connections grow in less complex parts of brain (body functions)
early childhood - neural connections increase in more complex parts of brain (thinking, memory)

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17
Q

what is motor development, and some examples?

A

predictable stages in body maturation
ex: sitting, crawling, beginning to walk, walking independently

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18
Q

what are the motor skills in order (6)

A

grasping - reaching - purposeful grasping - reach and grasp - controlled reach and grasp - pincer grasp

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19
Q

what are some examples of cognition (mental activities)?

A

problem-solving, storing/retrieving knowledge, understanding/using language

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20
Q

how do we measure cognition in infants?

A

looking, head turns, sucking

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21
Q

what is habituation?

A

something new = more time looking
something not new = less time looking

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22
Q

what does piaget think about nature vs nurture and continuity vs stages?

A

thinks its both nature and nurture, but only stages

23
Q

define schemas in your own words

A

mental framework to organize our experiences

24
Q

what is the difference between assimilation and accommodation

A

assimilation - adding new experiences into existing schemas
accommodation - adjusting schema to better fit expectations

25
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage?

A

using senses and motor to investigate world, learning is without reflection
object permanence is in this stage

26
Q

what is the preoperational stage?

A

thinking symbolically, imagination begins, ego-centric

27
Q

what is the theory of mind?

A

the ability to understand that everyone has their own thoughts/perspectives

28
Q

what is the concrete operational stage?

A

using logic/scientific framework to understand the world

29
Q

what is conservation?

A

ability to understand that a quantity does not change even when it turns to another shape (think of the playdough experiment from christina)

30
Q

what is the formal operational stage?

A

abstract thinking, reasoning, more complex ethical thinking

31
Q

does piaget’s theory still stand?

A

yes, but not really. dev. is continuous and children show capabilities at different stages than he thought, and social context is important

32
Q

what is vygotsky’s theory on social learning? thin of scaffold)

A

children learn skills by observing language from others and develop inner speech
ex: children talk to themselves while learning

33
Q

what is attachment?

A

physical and emotional closeness to another person, specifically a caregiver for children

34
Q

what is the stages of strange situation test?

A

test the attachment of the child, consists of a mother, baby, and experimenter
mother with baby, stranger joins, mother leaves baby and stranger alone, etc.

35
Q

what are the four attachment types?

A

secure, insecure/ambivalent, insecure/avoidant, disorganized/disoriented

36
Q

what is a secure attachment?

A

a positive and trusting relationship between child and caregiver, child feels comfortable exploring when caregiver is near

37
Q

what is the insecure/ambivalent attachment?

A

child is clingy near caregiver and doesn’t want to explore, very upset and inconsolable when caregiver leaves and returns

38
Q

what is the insecure/avoidant attachment?

A

indifference to their caregiver, not really upset when caregiver leaves and can be comforted by anyone

39
Q

what is the disorganized//disoriented attachment?

A

confused behaviours, wants caregiver but is also afraid, ‘freezing’

40
Q

what predicts attachment styles?

A

innate - temperament
learned - parenting behaviour
ainsworth talks about good parenting behaviour

41
Q

why is attachment important?

A

helps development in resilience and well-being
helps perspective on later relationships, motivation towards risks, trust

42
Q

what happens if attachment is absent for a long time? (4 examples)

A

difficulty forming attachments
increased anxiety and depression
lowered intelligence
increased aggression

43
Q

what is the lifespan perspective?

A

that development is a lifelong process

44
Q

what is puberty?

A

a time of sexual maturation, increased sex hormones, height changes, changes in mood/behaviour,

45
Q

what stage in piagets theory are adolescents in?

A

formal operational stage

46
Q

what is kohlbergs levels of moral reasoning?

A

preconventional
conventional
postconventional

47
Q

what is chief challenge for in relation to social development?

A

for adolescents to form an identity

48
Q

why is it important to test and integrate “selves” during adolescence, according to erikson

A

to avoid role confusion

49
Q

what becomes the biggest influences on identity for adolescents?

A

peer relationships

50
Q

when does physical development peak in life?

A

mid-20s

51
Q

what are some factors that influence why we dont live forever?

A

wear and tear
programmed aging models
nurture/environment
genes
cells cannot replicate at a certain age

52
Q

what parts of cognition do not decline with age?

A

ability to recognize information, ability to use previous knowledge

53
Q

is the midlife crisis real?

A

yes, due to a “social clock” rather than a function of age

PSYCH101 (6 decks)

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