Developmental Psych Flashcards
Mary Ainsworth
Devised the “strange situation” paradigm to study attachment styles
Baumrind
Studied the relationship between parental style and discipline: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive
Bowlby
Studied attachment in human children by studying kids who grew up in foster homes/ orphanages. Kids tend to be timid/ asocial. Identified stages of the attachment process
Chomsky
Linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition (nativist); studied transformational grammar, focusing on syntactic transformations (changes in word order that differ with meaning).
Erik Erickson
Outlined eight stages of psychosocial development saying that development is a sequence of central life crises, emphasizes emotional development and interactions with the social environment; thought that development occurred through the resolution of conflicts covering the entire lifespan
Freud
Outlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the oedipal conflict in psychosexual development. Charted personality and emotional growth over the lifetime. Thought psychology and sexuality were inextricably linked
Gesell
Believed that development was primarily due to maturation
Gilligan
Suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality
G. Stanley Hall
The founder of developmental psychology
Harlow
Used monkeys and “surrogate mothers” to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation
Kagan
conducted landmark longitudinal study to examine development trajectories of children’s temperament; temperament as a strong predictor of adult behaviors
Kohlberg
Studied moral development using “Heinz Dilemmas” (moral dilemmas)
Locke
British philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabulas rasa) to be written on by experience
Lorenz
Studied imprinting in birds
Piaget
Outlined four stages of cognitive development
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society, stated society was actually a detriment to development
Terman
Performed longitudinal study on gifted children
Tryon
Studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats. “Maze-dull” vs “Maze-bright.” Selective breeding only made a difference on the particular paradigm he was running. Not “overall more intelligent”
Vygotsky
Studied cultural influence on cognitive development, said development is driven by a child’s internalization of aspects of their culture (i.e. rules, symbols, language, etc.) ; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development.
Empricists
believe all knowledge is gained through life experience.
John Watson
Empiricist/ behaviorist; thought emotion and thought were acquired through learning; also thought only useful methods of study were those of observing objective behaviors
Nativists
believe development is biologically based and that a “blueprint” exists from birth
Psychodynamic orientation
Stress the role of the subconscious conflict in development of functioning and personality (think Freud)
Cognitive Structuralists
believe children are actively involved in their own development, constructing knowledge of the world through their experiences with the environment (think Piaget)
Gregor Mendel
Studied genes/ alleles/ heredity in pea plants (think punnet squares)
Genotype
total genetic complement/ makeup
Phenotype
total collection of expressed traits that constitute an individuals observable characteristics
Gene words
Chromosomes = DNA + proteins; 46 chromosomes, in 23 pairs; somatic cells are diploid, germ cells are haploid
Research Methods on Heredity
Family studies: con is that you can’t rule out environmental effects, twin studies: MZ (100%) or DZ (50%) twins studied, good because they are genetically similar, but again may share environment, adoption/ twin studies: are the best when done with MZ twins because they are genetically identical but have distinguishable environments
Downs Syndrome
genetic anomaly with extra 21st chromosome
PKU
degenerative disease of the N.S. lacking an amino acid, can avoid deleterious effects with strict diet
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Extra X chromosome in males (XXY), males with this are sterile and often have intellectual disabilities
Turner’s Syndrome
Females with only one X chromosome (X0), females with this fail to develop secondary sex characteristics and often have short fingers and odd shaped mouths
Zygote
a single, fertilized egg which will divide into two (and continues to divide)