Developmental (Gender, Individualism/ Collectivism, Childhood) Flashcards
What is a commonly held assumption about gender?
Women would be more susceptible to social influence than men.
Describe Carol Gilligan.
In her book A Different Voice, she argued that women have a different cognitive style of moral reasoning. She argued that women tend to base their moral reasoning around personal relationships, caring, their responsibility towards others, and being nurturing whereas men are socialised to be achievement orientated., meaning men and women have different perspectives. Men have an ethic of justice and women an ethic of care.
What study strengthens this view on gender?
Sheridan and King 1972
Live puppy as the learner.
Shocks given by college student PPS.
All 13 female PPS were compliant- 100%.
Male was 54%.
What did Bem state about gender?
How does biological explanations come into this?
Individuals develop a sense of masculinity and femininity as they are raised and socialised. These schemas or stereotypes affect how we perceive others and ourselves. They depict men as strong and aggressive and females as quiet and compliant. This would predict females are more obedient.
Biological explanations of gender might suggest that as males are exposed to more testosterone, they will behaviour in a more potentially aggressive manner, so will be more likely to inflict greater levels of harm as a result of destructive obedience. However these predictions aren’t proven.
What conclusion can we make about gender?
There is a little gender difference in obedience, despite traditional beliefs that females would be more compliant.
What can culture be divided into?
Individualistic
Collectivist
What are examples of individualistic cultures? What is it?
Such as UK or US.
Tend to be more independent, less conformist or compliant.
What are examples of collectivist cultures? What is it?
Such as China or Israel.
Tend to behave more as a collective group based on interdependence, meaning co-operation and compliance are regarded as important for stability.
They tend to place the interests of the group above their own and therefore more obedient.
What does the Power Distance Index mean?
Hofstede 2017
The relationship between those with power in a society and those with less power. In high PDI cultures (inequality, power is distributed unequally) one would expect to see high levels of obedience.
Describe High PDI cultures.
In high PDI cultures, high ranking individuals are looked up to and command a large amount of respect.
Describe low PDI cultures.
There is more equal distribution of power and those in power need to justify their actions more.
What id a competing argument of PDI?
Milgram type replication in India, obedience was only 42.5% but in US it was 63%. This contradicts the expectation of PDI. Females were also less obedient than men.
Describe Kilham and Mann for Cross-Cultural studies of obedience.
In 1974, an Australian study, the learners had long hair and may have been seen as more or less deserving of electric shocks. The female students were asked to shock another female.
