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DH240 Special Needs - Current Trends > Developmental Disorders Part 1 > Flashcards

Developmental Disorders Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are developmental disabilities?

A

are a lifelong severe chronic disability that can be cognitive, physical, or both and present before the age of 21 years old

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2
Q

What percentage of the nation have disabilities?

A

12.8% of the adult U.S. population (21–64 years) ​
40.6% of the population 65 years and over

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3
Q

What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

A

is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by a range of challenges in social interaction, communication, and behavior

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4
Q

People who have ASD have atypical ways of what?

A

learning, paying attention, or reacting to different sensations or stimuli

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5
Q

How many children are diagnosed with ASD?

A

1 in 36

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6
Q

Most children are diagnosed with ASD by age 4, but signs can often be observed as early as?

A

18 months

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7
Q

Males are 4x more common to develop ASD than females, but females may exhibit more severe symptoms, true or false?

A

True

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8
Q

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be difficult to diagnose because there is no medical test, such as a blood test, to do so. To determine a diagnosis, doctors examine the child’s developmental history and behavior. True or false?

A

True

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9
Q

Signs of ASD are?

A
  • Avoid direct eye contact
  • Have limited words or difficulty
    communicating with words
  • Become agitated by slight changes in
    routine
  • Very little compassion toward other
    children or caregivers
  • Difficulty making friends
  • Have co-occurring disorders such as
    attention-deficit/hyperactivity
    disorder,OCD, depression and anxiety
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10
Q

What are possible reasons for an increase in ASD prevalence?

A
  • Neurobiological factors
  • Environmental factors
  • Genetic factors
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11
Q

What are differences in the brain of someone with ASD increasing prevalence?

A
  • Differences in structure
  • Neurotransmitter imbalances like
    serotonin
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12
Q

What are environmental factors contributing to prevalence of ASD?

A
  • Prenatal factors like maternal infection,
    exposure to meds, advanced father
    parental age
  • Birth complications like low birth weight,
    prematurity, or oxygen deprivation
  • Toxic exposure to heavy metals or
    pesticides
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13
Q

What are genetic factors contributing to the prevalence of ASD?

A
  • Heritability of 50% to 90%. If one sibling
    has ASD, the likelihood of another sibling
    being diagnosed increases
  • Gene variations like specific gene
    mutations
  • Chromosomal abnormalities like Fragile X Syndrome
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14
Q

What are the 5 types of ASD?

A
  1. Asperger syndrome
  2. Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD)
  3. Rett Syndrome
  4. Autistic Disorder (classic autism)
  5. Pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)
    AKA Atypical Autism
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15
Q

What is Aspergers Syndrome?

A

is a mild form of autism that is characterized by impairment in social interactions without significant problems in language, cognitive ability, or age-appropriate skills

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16
Q

What are some symptoms of Aspergers Syndrome?

A
  • May spend a lot of time thinking/talking
    about one topic
  • Struggle to grasp social settings
  • Fewer facial expressions
  • Hobbies may be obsessive
  • Irritation with variation in routine
  • Easily remember facts
  • May throw temper tantrums
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17
Q

Someone with Aspergers may have the characteristics of?

A
  • Unnecessary laughing
  • No fear
  • Loneliness
  • Attachment to an object
  • Echo words
  • No interaction with others
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18
Q

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD)

A

After showing normal development for 2 years, the child may progress into CDD. This occurs mostly between 3 and 4 years but may occur any time before 10 years of age

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19
Q

Symptoms of CDD are?

A
  • Children may ask what’s wrong with them
  • Developmental changes that go unnoticed
  • Hallucinations
  • Children may stop talking
  • Children who liked close contact may
    oppose it
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20
Q

What is Rett Syndrome?

A

Rare form of ASD found in females that is caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene, in which there is duplication of the MECP2 gene on the X chromosome

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21
Q

What is Rett Syndrome characterized by?

A

Normal early development followed by loss of purposeful use of the hands, distinctive body movements, slowed brain and head growth, gait abnormalities (walking pattern), seizures, and intellectual disabilities.

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22
Q

What are the statistics of Rett Syndrome?

A

Affects 1 in every 10,000 –15,000 women

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23
Q

At what age is Rett Syndrome usually diagnosed?

A

It is often diagnosed in children aged 6 to 18 months when they begin to fail developmental milestones or lose previously acquired abilities.

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24
Q

What is the most severe form of ASD?

A

Classic Autism/Autistic Disorder

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of Autistic Disorder?

A

Individuals will appear spart with:
- Inability to form emotional attachments
with people
- Uncontrollable speech
- Obsession with handling objects
- Communication and interpersonal
difficulties

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26
Q

What is Pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)?

A

Diagnosis for people who display some characteristics of autism but may not meet the full diagnostic criteria for other subtypes

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27
Q

What are traits of PDD-NOS?

A
  • Unusual social behavior
  • Improper development of skills such as
    motor, sensory, visual-spatial
    organizational, cognitive, social, academic,
    and behavioral
  • Communication problems
  • Underdeveloped speech and language
    skills
  • Persistent and repetitive actions such as
    opening and closing doors repeatedly
  • Abnormal sensitivity to taste, sight, sound,
    smell, and/or touch
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28
Q

What is DSM-5?

A

It is the criteria for categorizing ASD

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29
Q

ASD Level 1

A

Requiring support

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30
Q

ASD Level 2

A

Requiring substantial support

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31
Q

ASD Level 3

A

Requiring very substantial support

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32
Q

There are specific oral findings with ASD, true or false?

A

False

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33
Q

Infants with ASD may find eating difficult which results in vomiting. This may limit their selection of food choice, true or false?

A

True

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34
Q

Down syndrome is?

A

defined by a set of mental and physical symptoms that result from having an extra copy of chromosome 21 (called trisomy 21), which affects brain and body development. (47 chromosomes instead of 46)

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35
Q

What is the prevalence of down syndrome?

A

1 in 700 births, 6,000 annual in the US

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36
Q

What is the current life expectancy of someone with down syndrome?

A

60 years

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37
Q

The risk of having a down syndrome baby at the age of 40 is what?

A

1 in 100 births

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38
Q

What are the typical IQ scores of someone with down syndrome?

A

40 to 70

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39
Q

What percentage of individuals with down syndrome have congenital heart defects?

A

40-60%

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40
Q

Cardiac abnormalities occur in what percentage of those with down syndrome?

41
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Failure of a pair of number 21 chromosomes to segregate during the formation of either the egg or the sperm before conception; this is not inherited. There is no known cause. Approx. 95% of Down syndrome. Correlated to maternal age above 35.

42
Q

Translocation

A

hereditary and occurs when a piece of a chromosome in pair 21 breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. Usually chromosome 14,21, or 22. Occurs in approximately 3-4% of children with Down Syndrome

43
Q

Mosaicism

A

1% of children with Down syndrome; it is a result of an error in one of the first cell divisions that occurs shortly after conception

44
Q

Are delays in speech common in those with down syndrome?

45
Q

Children with Down syndrome often experience delays in motor skills, true or false?

46
Q

How many characteristics of down syndrome are there?

47
Q

What are some of the characteristics of down syndrome?

A
  • Flat face with an upward slant of the eyes
  • Abnormally shaped ears
  • White spots on the iris of the eye
  • Deep crease in the palm of the hand
  • Poor muscle tone
  • Small hands and feet
48
Q

Tests in utero to determine down syndrome are?

A
  • PAPP-A/HGC
  • Chorionic villus sampling
  • Amniocentesis
  • Nuchal translucency test
49
Q

What are other conditions associated with down syndrome?

A
  • Congenital heart disease 30-50%
  • Celiac disease
  • Dementia
  • Hearing loss
  • Eye problems
  • Thyroid disfunction
  • GI issues 10-12%
  • Skeletal problems
50
Q

Atlantoaxial instability is found in 10-20% of individuals with down syndrome, what is it characterized by?

A

Abnormal increase in mobility of the joint between the first two cervical vertebrae, increasing risk for spinal injury

51
Q

Eye disease is common in what percentage of those with down syndrome?

52
Q

At what age are grand mal seizures common in down syndrome affected people?

A

20-30 years old

53
Q

Thyroid disorders are found in what percentage of those with down syndrome?

54
Q

What percentage of people with down syndrome have sleep apnea?

55
Q

The most effected teeth in down syndrome are?

A

Max 2nd molars: 52%
Max lateral incisors: 42%
Max canine: 41%
Max first molars: 40%
Mand. 2nd premolars: 48-63%

56
Q

What classification of malocclusion is common in those with down syndrome?

57
Q

What are the most frequently missing teeth in those with down syndrome?

A

Mand 2nd premolars (3.4%)
Lateral incisors (2.2%)

58
Q

In down syndrome patients, all primary teeth may not be present until age 4-5, true or false?

59
Q

Why is ortho not recommended for those with down syndrome?

A

Due to the tissue breakdown that may occur because of the underdeveloped maxilla and its relation to basal bone. Causes shortening of roots.

60
Q

6 yr molars (1st molars) may not erupt until 8 or 9 yrs old in down syndrome individuals, true or false?

61
Q

In down syndrome, periodontal disease can occur as early as 6 years old, true or false?

62
Q

Tooth loss due to periodontal disease in down syndrome is what percentage?

63
Q

What is ADHD

A

Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that can affect functioning and development

64
Q

What percentage of adults have ADHD?

65
Q

55% of diagnosed adults have one or more children with ADHD, true or false?

66
Q

ADHD is caused by?

A

Caused by problems in the regulation of two neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine

67
Q

In the United States, approximately 5-10% of children are diagnosed with ADHD, with rates varying by age and sex, true or false?

68
Q

Common symptoms of ADHD are?

A
  • Inattention
  • Hyperactivity
  • Impulsivity
69
Q

Symptom ratio of ADHD in males and females are?

A

MALES: 2:1 ratio
FEMALES: 3:1 ratio

70
Q

What ADHD symptoms do males have?

A
  • Hyperactive-impulsive symptoms
  • Externalizing behaviors
71
Q

What ADHD symptoms do females have?

A
  • Inattentive symptoms
  • Internalizing behaviors
  • Social challenges
72
Q

Tic disorder is?

A

neurological conditions characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements or sounds

73
Q

Tic disorders are more common in males than females, with a 4:1 ratio for Tourette’s, true or false?

74
Q

What ages do tics usually begin?

75
Q

Transient Tic Disorder

A
  • Most Common (10% of children)
  • Duration: Symptoms last for less than a
    year
  • Characteristics: Often occurs in children
    and may involve simple or complex tics
76
Q

Chronic Tic Disorder

A
  • (<1% of children)
  • Duration: Symptoms persist for more than
    a year
  • Characteristics: Can involve either motor
    tics or vocal tics but not both
    simultaneously
77
Q

Tourette Syndrome

A
  • Duration: Symptoms are chronic and can
    persist for years
  • Characteristics: Involves multiple motor
    tics and one or more vocal tics. Symptoms
    typically emerge in childhood
78
Q

What type of tics are there?

A

Vocal or motor and simple or complex

79
Q

What percentage of ADHD individuals have Tourette’s?

80
Q

What percentage of those with Tourette’s also have OCD?

81
Q

What medications can help treat tics?

A

Antipsychotics and Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists

82
Q

What is Dyspraxia?

A

Neurological disorder that affects an individual’s ability to plan and execute coordinated movements

83
Q

What percent of school age children does dyspraxia occur in?

84
Q

Dyspraxia is more commonly diagnosed in males than females with a ratio of 2:1 to 3:1, true of false?

85
Q

Dyspraxia is commonly associated with which disorders?

A

ADHD, dyslexia, anxiety

86
Q

What are the two types of dyspraxia?

A

Developmental and verbal

87
Q

Dyspraxia may impair physical, intellectual, emotional, social, language, and sensory development, true or false?

88
Q

Symptoms of dyspraxia are?

A

Difficulty with motor coordination, executing daily tasks, and language and cognitive skills

89
Q

Cerebral palsy is defined as?

A

Chronic, nonprogressive neuromuscular disorder caused by damage to motor areas of the immature brain, affecting primarily the ability to control posture and movement

90
Q

What are the different types of cerebral palsy?

A
  • Spastic
  • Ataxic
  • Dyskinetic
  • Mixed
91
Q

The most common type of cerebral palsy and occurs in 70-80% of cases

92
Q

Spastic CP

A

Characterized by spasticity in the muscles leading to stiffness, resistance to movement, and contractures (loss of joint movement), the sudden involuntary muscle contractions or spasms result from damage to the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

93
Q

Ataxic CP

A

Associated with balance, coordination, and depth perception
Caused by damage to the cerebellum
Affected patients have poor coordination, walk with a wide based gait and may have difficulty with quick or precise movements (6%)

94
Q

Mixed CP

A

A combination of symptoms from different types, often spastic and dyskinetic

95
Q

Dyskinetic CP

A

Characterized by slow, uncontrolled movements that usually affect the hands, feet, arms, or legs and sometimes the face causing drooling and grimacing.
Movements may increase with emotions stress and disappear during sleep
Children with this may have difficulties with articulation. This is caused by problems with speech muscle coordination
People often think that children with CP have a mental or emotional problems because of their awkward movements

96
Q

This type of CP ONLY involves motor centers, resulting from damage to the basal ganglia (6%)

A

Dyskinetic CP

97
Q

Etiology of CP

A

Genetic mutation, maternal infections, hypoxia at birth, infections/injury that affect brain development in infancy

98
Q

Oral findings with CP

A
  • Abnormal function of cheeks/lips/tongue
  • Fx. of max. anterior teeth
  • Bruxism
  • Attrition
  • Enamel hypoplasia
  • Malocclusion
    Drooling

DH240 Special Needs - Current Trends (9 decks)

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