Developmental, Congenital, Childhood Flashcards
Prematurity
birth before the 37th gestational week; baby underdeveloped, underweight, and at high risk
Causes of prematurity
incompetent cervix, bicornate uterus, toxic conditions, maternal infection, premature amniotic rupture
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease)
infant suffers acute hypoxemia, displays signs of respiratory distress, nasal flaring, grunting, sternal retractions
Causes of IRDS
infant’s lungs lack the surfactant needed to expand the alveoli
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
chronic lung disease, lungs stiff and obstructed, infant displays dyspnea, wheezing, cyanosis, nasal flaring, sternal retractions, crackling sounds during auscultation
Causes of BPD
IRDS, lung infection, pneumonia
Retinopathy of Prematurity
occurs in infants born before 28 weeks, no visible symptoms, abnormal growth of the blood vessels in the infant’s eyes
Causes of ROP
incomplete vascularization of the blood vessels to the retina
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
acute inflammatory process, fragile intestinal tract of the premature newborn becomes active
Causes of NEC
ischemic necrosis of the mucus lining of the small intestine, possibly breakdown in normal defense of the GI tract
Cerebral Palsy
congenital paralysis, displays a lack of control, poor balance, speech difficulty, wide gait
Causes of Cerebral Palsy
damage to the CNS, inadequate blood or oxygen supply to the brain during fetal development
Muscular Dystrophy
progressive weakening and degeneration of the skeletal muscles, displays toe walking, waddling gait, possible spinal deformities and mental retardation, eventual crippling
Causes of Muscular Dystrophy
genetic defect
Spina Bifida Occulta
posterior arches of the vertebrae fail to fuse, no herniation of meninges or spinal cord
Causes of Spina Bifida Occulta
neural tube fails to close, congenital defect
Meningocele
second level of failure of the spinal column to fuse, meninges protrude, forming a sac filled with CSF
Causes of Meningocele
neural tube fails to close, exact cause unknown
Myelomeningocele (Spina Bifida Cystica)
protrusion of a portion of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect in the spinal column (lumbar), spinal cord herniation, immobile joints, paralysis of lower extremities, musculoskeletal malformation
Causes of Myelomeningocele
neural tube fails to close, meninges, spinal cord herniate through spinal column
Hydrocephalus
amount of CSF is increased greatly or circulation is blocked, abnormal enlargement of the head, pressure changes in brain
Causes of Hydrocephalus
large amount of CSF accumulates in the skull, circulation impaired, possibly by a lesion or congenital defect, CSF prevented from reaching normal areas, possibly caused by intracranial hemorrhage, head traums, blood clot, prematurity
Anencephaly
fetus has no cranial vault and little cerebral tissue, fatal
Causes of Anencephaly
neural tube deficit
Cri-du-Chat Syndrome (Cat’s Cry Syndrome)
small head, deficiency of cerebral brain tissue, mental retardation, cat-like cry, eyes far apart
Causes of Cri-du-Chat Syndrome
deletion on chromosome 5
Down Syndrome
congenital, mental retardation, typical face, short hands, simian line
Causes of Down Syndrome
trisomy 21
Ventricular Septal Defect
abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles, most common congenital cardiac disorder, blood shunted from the left to the right side by higher pressure, murmur heard during auscultation, acyanotic
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
ductus fails to functionally close, murmur, growth and development possibly slowed, acyanotic
Coarctation of the Aorta
narrowed aortic lumen, partial obstruction, increased left ventricular pressure, decreased blood pressure distal to the narrowing, acyanotic
Atrial Septal Defect
abnormal opening between the right and left atria, can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, dyspnea, cyanosis, syncope
Tetralogy of Fallot
most common cyanotic cardiac defect, combination of ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, dextroposition (placement to the right) of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy, infants affected born blue, symptoms of hypoxia, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, seizures
Transposition of the Great Arteries
aorta and pulmonary artery reversed, results in two closed-loop systems, cyanotic, tachypnea, signs of heart failure
Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)
obvious, nontraumatic deformity of the foot, anterior half of foot adducted and inverted
Causes of Clubfoot
fetal position, genetic factors
Congenital Hip Dysplasia
abnormal development of the hip joint that ranges from unstable to dislocation of the femoral head, limited adduction, shortening of femur
Causes of CHD
exact cause unknown, possibly from softening of the ligaments caused by maternal relaxin, breech birth
Cleft Lip/Palate
congenital defect, one or more clefts in the upper lip, cleft palate is where there is a hole in the middle of the roof of the mouth
Causes of Cleft Lip/Palate
failure in the embryonic development of the fetus, multifactorial genetic disorder
Cryptorchidism
undescended testicle(s)
Causes of Cryptorchidism
unknown, possibly hormones
Wilms’ Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
highly malignant neoplasm of the kidney in children under the age of 5, most common kidney tumor of childhood, mass in kidney region, hematuria, abdominal pain, anemia, vomiting, weight loss, fever
Causes of Wilms’ Tumor
adenosarcoma arising from abnormal fetal kidney tissue that is left behind, begins unrestrained cancerous growth, 20% hereditary, associated with other anomalies
Phimosis
stenosis of the foreskin
Congenital Pyloric Stenosis
narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the exit of the stomach, projectile vomiting, fails to gain weight
Causes of Congenital Pyloric Stenosis
possibly hereditary, more common in males
Hirschsprung Disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon)
impairment of intestinal motility that causes obstruction of the distal colon, constipation, distended abdomen
Causes of Hirschsprung Disease
parasympathetic nerve ganglion cells are absent in a segment of the colon, colon becomes distended
Cystic Fibrosis
chronic dysfunction of the exocrine glands, sticky mucus that blocks glandular ducts, vomiting, paroxysmal cough
Causes of CF
genetic disorder
Phenylketonuria
error in the metabolism of amino acids, causes brain damage, mental retardation if not corrected
Causes of PKU
autosomal recessive trait, causes defective enzymatic conversion, accumulation phenylalanine in the blood
Klinefelter Syndrome
male hypogonadism, XXY, abnormal development of testes, little body hair, infertility, mild delay in learning
Causes of Klinefelter Syndrome
XXY, XXYY, XXXY, XXXXY, nondisjunction during gamete formation
Turner Syndrome
female with only one sex chromosome, XO, ovaries immature or absent, short, amenorrhea, lack of puberty, sterility, dwarfism, cardiac defects, kidney defects, normal intelligence
Causes of Turner Syndrome
results from a loss of the second X chromosome caused by nondisjunction
Chickenpox (Varicella)
highly contagious, acute viral infection common in children and young adults, superficial cutaneous lesions that begins as red macules and progress to papules and then vesicles, spread over the body, fever, rash, anorexia, intense itching, usually lasts 2 weeks
Causes of Chickenpox
caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), member of the herpes virus group
Diphtheria
acute communicable disease, causes necrosis of the mucus membrane in the respiratory tract, usually children, sore throat, dysphagia, cough, hoarseness, swollen lymph nodes, infection can cause grayish patches of thick mucus membrane to appear along the respiratory tract
Causes of Diphtheria
caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the nasopharynx, transmitted by airborne droplets
Mumps (Epidemic Parotitis)
acute communicable disease causing swelling of parotid gland(s), tenderness in neck, headache, fever, earache, loss of appetite
Causes of Mumps
airborne virus spread by droplet nuclei from the respiratory tract
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract, three stages, highly contagious catarrhal stage (seems to be a common cold), paroxysmal stage (cough becomes violent and whooping), convalescent period (cough gradually diminishes)
Causes of Pertussis
caused by pertussis bacillus Bordetella pertussis, releases a toxin that leads to necrosis of the mucosa, transmitted by droplet nuclei
Measles (Rubeola)
acute, highly contagious, viral disease, coldlike symptoms, photophobia, fever, red blotchy rash, spreads across body, Koplik spots on the oral mucosa
Causes of Measles
caused by the measles virus, spread by direct contact
Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles)
highly contagious viral disease, rose-colored elevated rash, appears on face, spreads downward, low-grade fever, great danger to unborn children
Causes of Rubella
rubella virus, spread by direct contact
Tetanus
acute, potentially fatal, systemic infection, extremely febrile, sweating, stiff neck, tight jaw, facial spasms, convulsive spasms, possible asphyxiation
Causes of Tetanus
bacillus Clostridium tetani, contaminated soil, animal excretions, enters body through laceration, puncture wound
Influenza
acute, highly contagious viral infection, occurs sporadically, epidemically, high fever, pulmonary complications, Reye syndrome
Common Cold
short-lasting, nasal congestion, bacterial infection
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
unpredicted death of an infant under 1 year old
Cause of SIDS
unknown
Croup
acute, severe inflammation of respiratory tract, hoarseness, fever, stridor, harsh cough, narrowing of upper airways
Causes of Croup
viral disease, involves larynx, trachea, bronchi
Epiglottitis
inflammation of the epiglottis, life-threatening, croupy cough, fever, respiratory distress, red swollen epiglottis
Causes of Epiglottitis
may follow an upper respiratory tract infection, Haemophilus influenzae type B bacteria
Acute Tonsillitis
painful inflammatory infectious tonsils, sudden onset, headache, sore throat, chills, fever, malaise, anorexia, muscle joint pain
Causes of Acute Tonsillitis
many organisms, beta-hemolytic streptococci most commonly
Adenoid Hyperplasia
abnormal enlargement of the lymphoid tissue located in the space above the soft palate, partial breathing blockage, can contribute to otitis media, nasal speech
Causes of Adenoid Hyperplasia
unknown
Asthma
chronic disease, increased respiratory activity of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli, leading cause of chronic illness and school absenteeism in children, incessant cough, rapid pulse, pallor, perspiration, inability to speak clearly, tight chest, rhonchi, wheezes
Causes of Asthma
hereditary factors, hyperactive bronchial tubes, extrinsic (allergic), intrinsic (non-allergic), stress, exercise, allergens, pollution, smoke
Infantile Colic
intermittent abdominal distress in infants, passing gas by mouth and rectum, gain weight, crying, fist-clenching
Causes of Infantile Colic
unknown, possibly improper feeding techniques, sensitivity to cow’s milk
Helminth Infestation (Worms)
worms take up residence in the GI tract, eggs are swallowed, hatched in intestine, irritation in perineal area, itching
Causes of Helminth Infestation
pinworms, roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, eggs swallowed, transmitted directly or indirectly
Diarrhea
rapid passage of stool though the intestinal tract, runny stool, consistent, can cause electrolyte loss
Causes of Diarrhea
infection (bacterial, viral), medications, allergic reactions, anatomic abnormalities, malabsorption, syndromes, chemical irritation, mechanical irritation, diet, toxicity
Vomiting
ejection of stomach contents by mouth
Causes of Vomiting
food poisoning, overfeeding, drug poisoning, allergies, gastric irritation, genetic defects, infection, intracranial pressure, pyloric stenosis, many others
Anemia
deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin in blood
Causes of Anemia
iron deficiency (most common), chronic blood loss, hemolytic diseases, nutritional deficiencies, loss of bone marrow and blood
Leukemia
cancer of blood-forming tissues, abnormal increase in the number of immature leukocytes, fever, easy bruising, pallor, weakness, weight loss, bone pain, spleen enlargement
Causes of Leukemia
too many immature leukocytes
Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)
incompatibility of fetal and maternal blood, jaundice, anemia, kernicterus, enlargement of liver, enlargement of spleen, congestion, seizures, heart failure, mental retardation
Causes of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
incompatibility between fetal and maternal blood, Rh incompatibility, antibodies destroy fetal blood cells
Lead Poisoning
environmentally caused blood poisoning, vomiting, irritability, ataxic gait, anemia, weakness, colic, peripheral neuritis
Causes of Lead Poisoning
ingestion of lead, lead in the blood
Reye Syndrome
combination of brain disease and fatty invasion of the inner organs, especially liver, often fatal, disruption in urea cycle that causes swelling of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, lethargy, vomiting, hepatic dysfunction, hyperventilation, hyperactive reflexes, delirium, coma, seizures, loss of deep tendon reflexes, respiratory arrest
Causes of Reye Syndrome
unknown, usually follows influenza A, influenza B, viruses, chickenpox, aspirin
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
fetus exposed to alcohol in the womb, growth retardation, far apart eyes, small eye openings, thin upper lip, mental retardation, alcohol withdrawal
Causes of FAS
maternal alcohol consumption while pregnant
Diaper Rash
contact dermatitis, rash in the diaper area
Causes of Diaper Rash
sensitive skin, friction, prolonged exposure to urine, feces, ammonia, poorly washed diapers, plastic pants, poor hygiene
