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M4 Development > Developmental Biology: Face, Jaws, Mouth > Flashcards

Developmental Biology: Face, Jaws, Mouth Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formation of the face stages?

A

Formation of the face

  • 4th week:
  • primitive stomodeum bounded by
  • FNP, max. and mand. process
  • nasal placodes, develop into nasal pits
  • 5th week: nasal pit surrounded by lateral + medial nasal prominence
  • 6th+7th week: Medial nasal prominences fuse together and fuse with maxillary processes
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2
Q

When does Ossification-bone formation happen for the mandible, maxilla and palate & nasal capsule

A
  • 6-7th week - mandible
  • 8th week - maxilla
  • 8th week - palate and nasal capsule
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3
Q

What are the 2 methods of osteogenesis (bone development)?

A

2 methods of osteogenesis:

  • Intramembranous
  • Endochondral
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4
Q

What happens in Intramembranous ossification?

A

Intramembranous ossification

  • Mesenchymal cells → osteoblasts
  • Osteoblasts deposit osteoid….
  • Mineral deposited
  • Osteoblasts trapped → osteocytes
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5
Q

What are the Five growth factors families implicated in the facial development?

A

BMP, FGF, Shh, Wnt and endothelins

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6
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9
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10
Q

What are the contributions to the face?

A
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11
Q

What is labelled?

A
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12
Q

What is Cartilage and how is it made?

A
  • Strong, flexible and semi rigid supporting tissue
  • Withstand compression forces and yet it can bend
  • Made by chondroblasts and chondrocytes
  • ECM rich 10% Aggrecan, 75% water and a mix of collagen fibres
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13
Q

What are the Three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage and Elastic cartilage

  • Hyaline- most common has a glassy appearance
  • Fibrocartilage- tendon insertions and intervertebral discs: reinforced with collagen bundles
  • Elastic cartilage- external ear and epiglottis: flexible and resilienthas elastic fibres
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14
Q

What is Cartilage for?

A
  1. To form the supporting framework of some organs, such as the walls of airways (nose, trachea, larynx and bronchi), where it prevents collapse
  2. To form the articulating surface of bones
  3. To form the template for the growth and development of long bones and most of the rest of the foetal skeleton (where gradually replaced by bone)
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15
Q

What are the Cells of Cartilage?

A

Chondroblast and chondrocyte

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16
Q

What is the surface of most cartilage called?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue called perichondrium

17
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of growth?

A

a) Interstitial growth- chondrocytes grow and divide lay down more matrix inside the existing cartilage-developmental
b) Appositional growth- new surface layers of matrix are added to the pre-existing matrix by new chondroblasts from the perichondrium

18
Q

What is Meckel’s cartilage?

A

Cartilage of 1st Arch The mandible itself is preceded by Meckel’s cartilage. Rod of cartilage around 6th week IUL.

Extends from the otic capsule (bony capsule of developing inner ear) to a midline symphysis.

19
Q

What becomes of Meckels cartilage?

A
  1. Posterior extremity- forms malleus of inner ear and the sphenomalleolar ligament.
  2. From the sphenoid to the division of mandibular nerve-cartilage totally disappears-but its fibrocellular capsule persists as the sphenomandibular ligament
  3. From the lingual forward to the division of alveolar nerve into the incisive and mental branches is totally absorbed.
  4. Forward to the midline makes a contribution to mandible by endochondral ossification.
20
Q

What is the Role of Growth Factors in Meckel’s Cartilage development?

A
  1. CCN2 (or Connective tissue growth factor)-required for the proper development of orofacial region.
  2. CCN2 null mice cleft palate.
  3. Significant contribution to mandibular morphogenesis and tooth development. In Mandibular development: 2 stages in MC primordium strong CCN2 gene expression. CCN2 accelerates adhesion and aggregation of 1st arch cells. As grows CCN2 expression silenced then hypertrophic chondrocytes express and recruit osteoblasts.
  4. Critical promoter of physiological and Pathological remodelling
  5. Periodontal fibrosis from smoking soon to be used as therapeutic factor in periodontal fibrosis.
21
Q

How is the mandible formed?

A
  1. Forms at start by intramembranous ossification-primary ossification centre between the incisive and mental nerve.
  2. Growth factors involved in this are Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Transforming growth factor beta-1 and probably some of the BMPs.
  3. However, the ossification changes to endochondral ossification at the secondary cartilage sites.
22
Q

How is the skeleton formed?

A

Formation of the skeleton through intramembranous (a) and endochondral (b) ossification

23
Q

What are the Mandibular Secondary Cartilages?

A
  • Condylar -appears 10-12 weeks IUL -Disappear 20 years of age
  • Coronoid -appear 14-16 weeks IUL -disappear before birth
  • Symphyseal -appear 16 weeks -disappear 1st year after birth

M4 Development (11 decks)

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