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biomedical science > Developmental Biology > Flashcards

Developmental Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is regional specification?

A

Patterns appear in a previously similar region of cells, creating body axes

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2
Q

Which model organisms do we study for experimental embryology?

A

Frog, chick

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3
Q

Which model organisms do we study for developmental biology?

A

Fish, mouse, worm, fly

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4
Q

What is the conservation of body plan?

A

The idea that embryos of the model organisms are very similar to human embryos

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5
Q

What does the PAX6 gene regulate

A

It controls many of the functions and formation of the eye

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6
Q

What does the PAX6 mutation cause?

A 
Heterozygous = small eye, decreased function
Homozygous= no eye, incompatible with life
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7
Q

What is a conserved gene sequence?

A

A sequence that has a very similar nucleotide sequence

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8
Q

What are primordial germ cells and when do they first start to develop?

A

They are the early germ cells, and they develop during gametogenesis

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9
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

This is when the fertilised egg forms a fertilisation membrane to prevent more sperm binding

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10
Q

What ion is released to prevent any more sperm attaching to human egg cells

A

Calcium

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11
Q

What is holoblastic cleavage patterns? And give an example

A

Holoblastic occurs when 4 cells divide equally

Humans, mice

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12
Q

Describe what happens in Meroblastic cleavage and give an example

A

4 cells appear at the top of the embryo

Zebra fish, chick

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13
Q

What happens with superficial cleavage and give an example

A

Cells divide equally around the inside of the embryo

Drosophila

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14
Q

What is the cell cycle in the early embryo?

A
  1. Rapid synchronous cleavages
  2. Only S&M phases, no g phases
    Maternal stores provide building block for DNA synthesis
    Transcription is suppressed
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15
Q

What are the two cell embryo segregation methods in embryos and describe them

A

Segregation of cytoplasmic components- becomes unequally divided during cell cell division
Cell cell signalling- cells talk to each other

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16
Q

What is developed in the ectoderm?

A

Neurons
Glia
Epidermal tissue
Neural crest

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17
Q

What is developed in the. Mesoderm?

A

Muscles
CT
kidney
Heart

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18
Q

What is developed in the endoderm

A

Gut

Yolk

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19
Q

What is gastrulation? And what is formed from it?

A

Gastrulation occurs when the blastula is converted into 3 separate layers known as the gastrula
Formation of the gut

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20
Q

What is epiboly?

A

This is the process by which cells formed at the top of the embryo flow down the side

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21
Q

What is convergent extension and what organisms does it effect?

A

It is a process which causes spherical cells to elongate

Tadpoles are formed this way

22
Q

What forces drive cell tissue rearrangement?

A

Cell death
Cell proliferation
Cytoskeleton arrangements
Adhesion by change in proteins

23
Q

What do neural crest cells give rise to?

A

Bone, smooth muscle

24
Q

Why is the drosophila fly a good model organism?

A 
It is small
Quick to breed
Able to see into the embryo
Sequenced genome
Fast embryogenesis
25
Q

What are the advantages of the worm as a model organism?

A

Small
Sequenced genome
Hermaphrodite
Invariant lineage

26
Q

What is invariant lineage?

A

Cell division patterns aren the same from organism to organism

27
Q

What are the advantages of the zebra fish as a model organism?

A

Transparent embryo
Fast generation time
Vertebrate
Haploid development possible

28
Q

How to transplant cells in a zebra fish embryo

A

Label donor cells by injection of dye
Transplant cells to unlabelled host
Observe labelled cells at a later date

29
Q

What is a transgenic animal?

A

An animal carrying a gene that has been incorporated into the genome using recombinant DNA technology

30
Q

What is targeted transgenesis? And in which species does it occur?

A

It is easy to knock out genes due to pluripotent stem cells

Mouse

31
Q

What is fate? ( in relation to cells)

A

What cells will normally become in development

32
Q

What method is used to create a fate map for c. Elegans

A

Observation- transparent embryo, few cells, so watch devision

33
Q

What is useful about the application of a marker for tracing fate maps?

A

It can be easily detected, applied at any stage of embryogenesis, does not leak into neighbouring cells

34
Q

What methods can be used to test for commitment of cells?

A

Culturing isolation

Transplantation

35
Q

What are morphogens?

A

A specialist class of signalling molecules released from a certain part of the cell

36
Q

How do morphogens move from cell to cell?

A

Through diffusion

Through active transport

37
Q

What is bicoid and where is it found?

A

It is a morphogen which is produced in the drosophila

It forms a concentration gradient across the blastoderm

It causes the release of hunchback which is at the top of a cascade of genes

38
Q

What is induction?

A

It is signalling from one cell to another causing a change in the recipient cell

39
Q

What is competence?

A

The ability of a cell to respond to an induction or signal

40
Q

What factors effect the transcriptional activity of a gene?

A

External signals
Intrinsic factors
Accessibility of the chromatin

41
Q

What are somites and what do they develop into?

A

They are blocks of tissue containing undifferentiated mesodermal progenitor cells

They develop into skeletal muscle cells

42
Q

What is MyoD and what is it able to do?

A

It is a key part of the cascade to produce muscle cells

It is sufficient to direct the formation of muscle cells when transferred into non-muscle cells such as fibroblasts

43
Q

What is an amorphic mutation?

A

Complete loss of function of the protein

44
Q

What is hypermorphic mutation?

A

An over expression of the gene

45
Q

What is mutagenesis?

A

Rate of spon

46
Q

What is development?

A

A change in structure over time and how a single cell develops into a fully formed organism

47
Q

What is caused by the activation of the kit receptor by steel factor

A

It is important in the development of melanoblasts and stem cells

48
Q

What does the hedgehog pathway relate to in the embryo?

A

It is required for segmentation in the embryo

49
Q

What is recessive epistasis?

A

When 2 genes work together and they are both mutated, then one mutation may mask the effect of the other

50
Q

What is lateral inhibition and what is it mediated by?

A

It is the process by which a group of cells only allow one cell to go on to grow, e.g. Neurons

It is mediated by delta notch signalling

biomedical science (3 decks)

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