Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biomedical science > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In which germ layer is the nervous tissue formed?

A

Ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In which germ layer does muscle tissue form?

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In which germ layer does the connective tissue form?

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In which germ layer does the epithelial tissue form?

A

All germ laters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is terminal differentiation?

A

This is when differentiation in a cell occurs, each time cutting out other possible cell types, until only one cell type is left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are unipotent and pluripotent stem cells?

A

Stem cells which either have a set pathway set out, or multiple possible fates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If experimentally relocated what happens to those cells?

A

They will continue to follow the old pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes commitment of a certain cell to follow a specific pathway?

A

Morphogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 4 features of a skeletal muscle

A
  1. Multinucleated
  2. Long unbrancbed fibres
  3. Striated
  4. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give 4 features of the smooth muscle tissue

A
  1. Uninucleate
  2. Unbranched fibres
  3. Involuntary contraction
  4. Unstriated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give 4 features of cardiac muscle

A

Branched fibres
Intercalated discs
Faintly striated
Purkinjinfibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What band is made up of myosin? And is it the thick or thin filament?

A

A band

Thick filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which band is made up of the actin molecule. And is it the thick or thin filament?

A

I band

Thin filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does an actin potential cause a contraction?

A

The action potential causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, allowing for the ions to bind to the TnC sites on tropmyosin, allowing for cross lineages to form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 major functions of the epithelial cells?

A

Protection
Secretion
Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 ,ajar uses of the CT?

A

Storage
Repair
Transport
Protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the characteristics of collagen?

A

White
Thick
Unbranched
Strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Equation are the characteristics of elastic fibres?

A

Yellow
Thin
Branched
Stretchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of cell makes collagen?

A

Fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are elastic fibres made?

A

Fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the features of a fibroblast cell?

A

Round nucleus
Abundant cytoplasm
Lots of rer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrocytes

A

Flat nucleus
Scant cytoplasm
Little rer
E.g. Tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of tissue are fat cells ?

A

Connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where is the matrix produced and and what is it prodominatly made up of?

A

It is made within the fibroblasts and it is predominantly made up of GAGs ( long chain carbohydrates, unbranched)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name 3 ways in which a neural cell is different from a normal cell

A

It has selective ion channels
It has long processes extending from the cell body
Specialised metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What re the role of glial cells?

A

They maintain and provide nutrition to neural cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of cell wraps itself around the axon of a cell and what does this do to the axon

A

Glial cells wrap themselves around the axon, this produces a myelinated axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Intermittent Conduction between nodes of ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens after ligand- gated ion channels have opened at a post synaptic cleft

A

The membrane opens sodium channels making the membrane positively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of blood cell transports oxygen around the body

A

Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where are red blood cells produced

A

In long bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What’s the name for white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Give examples of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, easinophils, basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Give examples of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 3 layers of the blood vessel called?

A

Intima
Media
Adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A
  1. Endoderm
  2. Ectoderm
  3. Mesoderm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Maintenance of the concentration of the cytosol
Provides a cell boundary
Regulates movement of cellular materials in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are membranes solely made up of?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the two major functions of proteins on the cell membrane?

A
  1. Cell signalling

2. Transporting materials across the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the 4 major properties of the membrane?

A

Continuous
Selectively permeable
Self repairing
Flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the structure of cholesterol?

A

Polar head
Rigid steroid ring structure
Non polar tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the functions of the proteins in the cell membrane?

A

Cell signalling
Intercellular interactions
Provide structure to the membrane
Provide permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are liposomes used for?

A

Drug delivery
Delivery of DNA and RNA into cells
Cosmetic surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the three possible methods of lipid movement in a membrane?

A

Flip flop
Lateral diffusion
Rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What conditions in c=c bonds, acetyl chains and [cholesterol] leads to the most fluid membrane?

A

High C=C bonds, low acetyl length, less cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What effect does cholesterol have on membrane permeability?

A

The more cholesterol the less permeable it is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Where are integral membranes found?

A

In the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Where are peripheral membrane proteins found?

A

Attached to the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

By what 3 methods can peripheral membrane proteins attach themselves to the cell wall?

A

Able to insert a lipid domain into the membrane
Able to interact with a integral protein
Able to directly bind with lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the advantages of lipid anchoring on membrane proteins?

A

Mobility at the surface

Rapid release into extra cellular space

52
Q

What are the 5 major functions of integral membrane proteins?

A 
Enzymes
Cell cell recognition
Transport of molecules
Receptors
Carriers
53
Q

3 major functions of peripheral membrane proteins?

A

Maintaining structure
Intracellular transport
Communication, glycoproteins

54
Q

What is the major protein in red blood cells?

A

Spectrin

55
Q

Peripheral proteins in red blood cells include (3)

A

Spectrin
Actin
Ankyrin

56
Q

Integral proteins in the red blood cell include(3)

A

Band 3

Glycoporins

57
Q

Why do the proteins move slower than phospholipids in red blood cells?

A

Because they are held in place by the Spectrin and other peripheral proteins

58
Q

What is present in the cell which can prevent movement of phospholipids

A

Lipid rafts
Tight junctions
Being bound to proteins

59
Q

What enzyme equilibriates lipids and where does it perform its function?

A

It occurs in the ER

Scramblase

60
Q

What enzyme works to switch lipids from one membrane envelope to the other and where does it perform its role?

A

Flippase

The cell membrane

61
Q

Where are glycolipids found in red blood cells?

A

Found on the outside of the red blood cell

62
Q

What charge does phosphotydlserine have and where is it usually found?

A

Negative charge

Found on the inner membrane?

63
Q

Is sodium and potassium more negative in the intracellular or extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium- more native in the extracellular matrix

Potassium- more negative within the cell

64
Q

What is a anti port transport protein

A

A protein which requires 2 molecules, each moving in different directions across the membranes

65
Q

Which membrane is more positively charged?

A

The outer surface is more positively charged

66
Q

What 3 factors can mediate active transport?

A

Coupled carrier
Atp driven pump
Light driven pump

67
Q

What proportion of the cell does the nucleus take up?

A

10%

68
Q

How was the nucleus thought to have been formed?

A

Invagination of the membrane of a bacterium, this surrounded the DNA

69
Q

What is the role of the nucleolus?

A

This is the place where sub units of ribosomes are produced

70
Q

What is the function of the chromatin?

A

Unpackaged DNA area

71
Q

What is the function of Lamin in the nucleus? (A and b and phosphorylation)

A

Lamin B tethers to the nuclear envelope
Lamin A binds to Lamin B to create a network of proteins

When polarised, these will dissociate allowing for the chromosomes to move apart

72
Q

What is chromatin

A

DNA in its unwound form

73
Q

How many subunits make up the nuclear pore?

A

8 excluding the plug

74
Q

What are the 4 building blocks of the nuclear pore?

A

Annular
Luminal
Ring
Column

75
Q

In what way is the endoplamic reticulum dynamic

A

It is able to continuously break and reform in many different shapes

76
Q

What are the 4 major functions of the ER

A

Detoxification
Storage
Synthesis
Transport

77
Q

What 3 molecules does the SER synthesise?

A

Synthesises glycerides
Glycogen
And phospholipids, cholesterol

78
Q

Where is calcium stored within the ER complex

A

The SER

79
Q

How many cisternae are there in the Golgi apparatus

A

5-6

80
Q

How do the cisternae in the Golgi apparatus communicate with the ER

A

Through the use of vesicles

81
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modification and packaging secretions ready for exocytosis

Renewal and modification of the plasma membrane

Delivery of material to other organelles, especially the endocytic pathway

82
Q

What two processes transport molecules from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?

A

Budding

The use of tubules

83
Q

What is COPII involved in?

A

The coat of the budding vesicles which transports it from the ER to the Golgi and Golgi to Golgi only

84
Q

What is the role of COPI

A

The coat of vesicles moving from Golgi to Golgi and from Golgi to ER

85
Q

What is the role of Cathrin?

A

Clathrin is the coat of a vesicle after budding towards the membrane

86
Q

What are SNARES?

A

SNARES are proteins on the surface of the vesicle from the Golgi apparatus which direct the vesicle to where it needs to go

87
Q

What are the two types of snares and where are they found?

A

V- SNARES- found on the vesicle

T- SNARES- found on the wall of the target plasma membrane

88
Q

What are the 3 processes by which vesicles from the Golgi their target?

A

Signal mediated diversion to lysosomes

Signal mediated diversion to secretory glands

Constitutive secretory

89
Q

What is endocytosis

A

The process of bringing molecules in to the cell via budding

90
Q

What are the 3 fates of endocytosed material

A

Degradation
Storage
Transcytosis

91
Q

What are the 6 methods of bringing material into a cell for endocytosis

A

Macropinocytosis
Clathrin coated vesicle
Nonocoated vesicle
Phagocytosis

92
Q

What is the role of dynamin?

A

Dynamin is used to cut coated vesicles from the membrane during budding to allow it to be free in the cytoplasm

93
Q

Give 4 structural features of a mitochondria

A

Double membrane
Not very big
Outer membrane is the barrier of the organelle
Inner membrane is highly folded

94
Q

Where is mitochondrial DNA inherited from?

A

The mother

95
Q

What is the primary function of the mitochondria?

A

Energy production

96
Q

Where does glycolysis occur? And what are the products of it?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces pyruvate

97
Q

What is usually a key symptom of diseases in mitochondria

A

Lack of energy

98
Q

What is leber hereditary optic nerve nerve neuropathy?

A

A disease effected by mitochondria causing vision loss in young adults

99
Q

How many membranes do peroxide mess have?

Do they contain either DNA or ribosomes?

A

Peroxisomes have a single membrane

They have no DNA or RNA in them

100
Q

What is the major role of peroxisomes and what two oxidative enzymes do they produce to do this?

A

Their function is to remove hydrogen atoms from various organic compounds
1. AIDS in detoxification in the liver

101
Q

What is the net production of ATP and NADH in glycolysis?

A

2 molecules of ATP

2 molecules of NADH

102
Q

What occurs in reaction 1 of glycolysis and which enzyme is used and what use of coenzymes/ apt is used?

A

Glucose –> glucose 6 phosphate
Hexokinase
One molecule of ATP is consumed(mgATP)

103
Q

What happens in reaction 2 of glycolysis? Are enzymes used?
Is it reversible?
Any coenzymes used?

A

Glucose 6 phosphate –> fructose 6 phosphate
Phosphoglucose isomerase
Freely reversible

104
Q

What occurs in reaction 3 of glycolysis?
What enzyme is used
Is it reversible
Any coenzymes used

A

Fructose 6 phosphate –> fructose 1,6 bisohosphate

Phosphofructokinase

1 ATP is used up

Irreversible

105
Q

What happens on reaction 4 of glycolysis
What enzyme is used
Is it reversible
Any coenzymes used?

A

Fructose 1,6 bisohosphate –> glyceride 3 phosphate and other
Aldolase
Irreversible
No coenzymes used

106
Q

What happens in reaction 5 of glycolysis
What enzyme is used?
Is it reversible
Are any coenzymes used?

A

DAP–> glycerate 3 phosphate
Triose phosphate isomerase
Reversible

107
Q

What happens in reaction 6 of glycolysis?
Is it reversible
What enzyme is used?
Are any coenzymes used?

A

Glycerate 3 phosphate –> 1,3 bisohosphoglycerate
Glycerate 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
Reversible
NAD+ to NADH

108
Q

What happens in reaction 7 in glycolysis?
What enzyme is involved?
Is it reversible
Are any coenzymes involved?

A

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate–> 3 phosphoglycerate
P
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Reversible

ADP–> ATP

109
Q

What is Piercarlo converted to under anerobic conditions?

A

Lactate

110
Q

What is the net reaction for the links chain reaction

A

Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA = CO2 + acetyl CoA + NADH

111
Q

What are the summary products for krebs?

A

4CO2 6NADH +2FADH2 + GTP

112
Q

What components of the cell ultimately supply the Krebs cycle

A

Amino acids
Fatty acids
Glucose

113
Q

What is ubiquinone, and How many electrons can it accept?

A

Ubiquinone is a carrier of electrons
It is fat soluble
It can except 1 or 2 electrons

114
Q

What occurs in complex 1?

A

NADH to ubiquinone
Transfers electrons from one to the other producing ubiquinol
H+ diffuse into mitochondria cytosol
Ubiquinol diffuses to QH3

115
Q

What happens in complex 2?

A

Succinate to ubiquinone

Electrons move from succinate to FAD to QH2

116
Q

What happens in complex 3?

A

Ubiquinone to cytochrome c

Cytochrome bc1 complex

117
Q

What happens in complex 4?

A

Cytochrome c to o2

Electrons passed to oxygen to form H20

118
Q

What is the role of ATP synthase, where is it found and what’s the ratio of subunits

A

To transport H+ ions though the membrane
Found in the membrane
Has 3 units ration1:2:9-12

119
Q

How is ATP generated by ATPsynthase

A

H+ goes through the pore causing the molecule to rotate by a 1/3
This causes a conformational change in B subunit

120
Q

What are cell probes used for?

A

Measure the current across a membrane

121
Q

What did brown discover?

A

The nucleus

122
Q

What did Schwann and schleiden discover?

A

All organisms consist of one or more cells

The. Cell is the basically unit of structure for all organisms

123
Q

Cilia and flagellum are similar, but in what way?

A

Major functional structure is the axoneme

124
Q

How many micro tubules make up the axoneme

A

9 + 2 assembly

125
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A dynamic complex intracellular network of tubules, filaments and fibres found in all eukaryotes

biomedical science (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions