Developmental Aspects of Lung Disease

Question 1

What happens in the embryonic phase?

Answer 1

Formation of the major airways, too primitive, no gas exchange

Question 2

What happens in the pseudo-glandular phase?

Answer 2

The lobes develop
Bronchii and secondary bronchii develop
Acinar tubules and terminal buds form
No blood vessels yet, gas exchange

Question 3

When does the alveolar phase stop?

Answer 3

Continues after birth
2-3 years
Type 1/2 pneumocytes

Question 4

When does the diaphragm fully seal?

Answer 4

Closure by 18th week

Question 5

What happens in the lungs developmentally postnatal?

Answer 5

Alveolar separation continues

Increased alveolar dimensions

Question 6

During what weeks is the embryonic phase?

Answer 6

3-8 weeks

Question 7

During what weeks is the pseudo-glandular phase?

Answer 7

5-17 weeks

Question 8

During what weeks is the canalicular phase?

Answer 8

16-26 weeks

Question 9

During what weeks is the saccular phase?

Answer 9

24-38 weeks

Question 10

During what weeks is the alveolar phase?

Answer 10

36 weeks

To 2-3 years (postnatally)

Question 11

What happens during the canalicular phase of lung development?

Answer 11

Last generations of the lung periphery formed
Epithelial differentiation
Air blood barrier formed

Question 12

What happens during the saccular phase of lung development?

Answer 12

Expansion of air spaces

Surfactant detectable in amniotic fluid

Question 13

What is a tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

Answer 13

When there is the failure of separation of the trachea and the oesophagus

Question 14

What lung diseases can be developed during the embyonic phase?

Answer 14

Tracheal, laryngeal stenosis
Pulmonary agenesis
Tracheo-oesophageal fistula

Question 15

What is the function of surfactant?

Answer 15

Stabilises alveoli and promotes gas exchange

Question 16

What type pneumocytes create surfactant?

Answer 16

Type 2

Question 17

What does surfactant act like?

Answer 17

A detergent

Question 18

What condition can surfactant deficiency cause?

Answer 18

Hyaline Membrane Disease

Question 19

What is the treatment for hyaline membrane disease?

Answer 19

Antenatal glucocorticoids 
Surfactant Replacement 
Oxygen 
CPAP
Mechanical ventilation

Question 20

What are antenatal fetal origins of lung disease?

Answer 20

In utero nicotine exposure
Nutrition
Low birth weight
Micronutrients

Question 21

What are post-natal fetal origins of lung disease?

Answer 21

Infection
Growth
Environmental pollution
Micronutrients/vitamins

Question 22

What is the 3rd leading cause of death in the world?

Answer 22

COPD

Question 23

What is the major cause of COPD?

Answer 23

Heavy smoking

Question 24

What is a diaphragmatic hernia?

Answer 24

When the abdominal cavity shifts up, small intestine in the lung causes hypoplasia

Question 25

What is eventration?

Answer 25

When the diaphragm is not dome shapes therefore is not working well

Question 26

With chronic neonatal lung disease what is there an increased risk of?

Answer 26

Future asthma
COPD
Increased severity bronchiolitis

Question 27

What does in utero exposure do to the fetous?

Answer 27

Makes the airways smaller

Question 28

What do disease like asthma and COPD do to the airways?

Answer 28

Remodel airways

Both reversible and irreversible

Question 29

Where is the origin of many adult lung diseases?

Answer 29

Paediatric origins

Question 30

At birth what is normal to happen to the lung?

Answer 30

Lung normally changes from fluid secretion to fluid absorption

Question 31

What is transient tachypnea/

Answer 31

Wet lung