developmental area

Question 1

What are the features of the developmental area?

Answer 1

• looks at how humans change and develop over the lifespan
• suggests that our thoughts, feelings and behaviour are affected by both nature and nurture.

Question 2

what is one assumption of the behaviourist perspective?

Answer 2

1) all behaviour is learnt through the environment

Question 3

what are the ways that we learn behaviours through?

Answer 3

• classical condtioning
• operant conditioning
• social learning theory

Question 4

whats classical conditioning?

Answer 4

learning through association

Question 5

whats operant conditioning?

Answer 5

learning through consequences

Question 6

what is social learning theory?

Answer 6

leanring through observation and imitation

Question 7

another assumption of the behaviourist perspective?

Answer 7

we can test how behaviour is learned through the environment through observing and measuring responses to stimuli in scientific experiments.

Question 8

what is positive reinforcement?

Answer 8

rewarding by giving something nice

Question 9

what is negative reinforcement

Answer 9

rewarding by removing something bad.

Question 10

what is positive punishment

Answer 10

giving something nasty as punishment

Question 11

what is negative punishment

Answer 11

taking something nice as a punishment

Question 12

four processes in social learning theory

Answer 12

Attention - paying attention to the behaviour
Retention - you must learn to retain information
Reproduction - ability to reproduce behaviour youve seen
Motivation - being motivated to imitate behaviour through reinforcement or punishment.
ARRM

Question 13

what is vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 13

we are more likely to imitate a behaviour if we see a model rewarded for the behaviour

Question 14

what is identification?

Answer 14

the ectent to which an individual related to a model. People are more likely to imitate a same sex model.

Question 15

what is self reinforcement

Answer 15

when someone enjoys copying a behaviour they are more likely to repeat it.

Question 16

what is self efficacy?

Answer 16

how effective a person thinks they will be at successfully adopting a behaviour.

Question 17

what is an advantage and disadvantage of using operant conditioning to change someones behaviour

Answer 17

+ can create a better environment for everyone. eg. prisons or psychiatric institutions.
- people with stubborn personalities may not be willing to change

Question 18

what were the aims of the Bandura study

Answer 18

1) to see if children might observe aggressive behaviour and then model their own actions on it.
2) to investigate gender on modelling.

Question 19

what was the research method, design and different conditions in Banduras study?

Answer 19

Laboratory experiment/observation
independent measures design
24 of the children were put in a control group and did not observe a model at all, the rest of the 48 children were put in 8 experimental conditions where they saw either an aggressive or non aggressive model. Some watched an opposite or same sex model.

Question 20

what was the sample of Banduras study?

Answer 20

72 children from one nursery in the USA. there was an equal mix of boys and girls. between 3-5 years old.

Question 21

what were the independent and dependent variables of the bandura study?

Answer 21

IVs - the behaviour of the model, the sex of the model, the sex of the children
DVs - number of imitative physical, verbal aggressive acts and number of non imitative aggressive acts.

Question 22

what was the procedure of Banduras experiment?

Answer 22

children were individually taken to a room to play with potato prints or stickers. In the non aggressive condition, children saw the adult model play in the corner with some tinker toys. Children in the aggressive condition, see a model behave aggressively to a BOBO doll. after 10 minutes, children are put into a slightly aggressive state and are then observed playing. the researchers record the number of imitative and non imitative aggressive acts to the bobo doll.

Question 23

What were the results of the Bandura study?

Answer 23

100% of the children who observed aggressive acts imitated it.
70% of children had a 0 score for aggressive acts.
boys were more physically aggressive than girls, but there was little difference in verbal aggression.

Question 24

conclusions of Banduras study?

Answer 24

when children watch adults being aggressive, they are more likely to imitate the aggression (proving social learning theory)

children are more likely to copy a same sex model (identification) for example, the boys were more aggressive after seeing a male model.

Question 25

GRAVE analysis for Bandura

Answer 25

G - all children were from one nursery in America -> not representative BUT it was mixed gender R - the study was a lab experiment with good controls. replicable and reliable A - this study suggests that children are likely to copy violence shown by models. therefore, childrens exposure to violent tv should be limited. V - study involved artificial situation so lacks ecological validity. E - the children were not protected from harm as they watched an adult be aggressive

Question 26

how does Banduras study relate to the key theme of external influences on childrens behaviour?

Answer 26

looks at how role models in childrens environment can affect their behaviour, specifically aggression.

Question 27

Banduras study mostly supports the nurture side of the debate. why?

Answer 27

because it mainly looks at how environment influences behaviour specifically how aggressive role models are observed and imitated.

Question 28

How could Bandura support nature?

Answer 28

differences in aggressive behaviour could be biological differences between males and females such as higher testosterone levels.

Question 29

what were the aims of Chaney's study?

Answer 29

1) to see whether children are more likely to continue their medication if they recieve a reward. 2) to show the use of an asthma device (funhaler)

Question 30

what was the research method, design and different conditions in Chaneys study?

Answer 30

Field experiment, conducted in participants home settings in australia. used closed, structured questionnaire to measure attitudes of funhaler and traditional spacer device. repeated measures design, the same children took part in both conditions of the experiment. the funhaler and standard inhaler

Question 31

sample of Chaney's study?

Answer 31

32 children 22male 10female children who were already taking asthma medication australia

Question 32

procedure for Chaney's study

Answer 32

- took 2 weeks - parents completed closed structured questionnaire - participants were then asked to use funhaler which had toys such as a whistle and spinning disc. - parents did another questionnaire on the funhaler - researchers did a random check to see whether parent had given medication the previous day.

Question 33

results for Chaneys study

Answer 33

- 81% had given medication the previous day with the funhaler whereas only 59% had given medication with the existing spacer device. - questionnaire had positive attitudes towards funhaler

Question 34

conclusions of Chaney's study

Answer 34

funhaler leads to an increasr in use of a spacer device for asthma medication. devices that use self reinforcement strategies can improve overall health of children

Question 35

GRAVE analysis for Chaney

Answer 35

G - large range of families from Australia. but all from on country R - standardised procedure (everyone had the same questionnaires) so easy to replicate and reliable A - study shows how reinforcement can improve medical adherence. V - high ecological validity as experiment took place in participants homes. however, there could be bias in questionnaires E - informed consent taken from parents, privacy ensured. children protected from harm as researchers took care for their comfort.

Question 36

strengths of the developmental area

Answer 36

- many useful applications to childcare and education. - holistic as it considers how nature AND nurture affect development. (opposite of reducitonist)

Question 37

weaknesses of the developmental area

Answer 37

- research with children may raise ethical issues. such as consent and protection. - using children as participants can highlight practical issues - children may not have language to explain what they are feeling or thinking.

Question 38

strengths of the behaviourist perspective

Answer 38

- good scientific status. most studies are experimental and carried our under lab conditions, behaviourist ideas are easily testable - pracitcal applications

Question 39

weaknesses of the behaviourist perspective

Answer 39

- reducitonist - operant and classical conditioning only focus on stimulus response processes. - raises ethical issues

Question 40

what did kohlberg say about moral reasoning?

Answer 40

moral reasoning happens in 6 stages 1 - avoiding punishment 2 - aiming at rewards 3 - good boy/girl attitude 4 - loyalty to law and order 5 - justice and the spirit of law 6 - universal principles and ethics

Question 41

aims of kohlbergs study

Answer 41

to see how moral development changes throughout adolescence and early childhood

Question 42

what was the research method, design and different conditions in Kohlbergs primary/main study? what was the research method and design in the cross cultural element in his study?

Answer 42

primary study - interviews, longitudinal study cross cultural element of study - interviews, cross sectional design

Question 43

what was the sample in Kohlbergs primary and cross cultural element of his study?

Answer 43

primary study - 75 american boys between 10-16 years at start and 22-28 years at the end cross cultural sample - 10-13 years in taiwan, mexico, etc.

Question 44

how does longitudinal design differ from a cross sectional design

Answer 44

longitudinal studies follow the same participants over time as they change with age. cross sectional studies compare different groups of participants at different ages at one moment in time.

Question 45

procedure of kohlbergs study

Answer 45

participants were followed from early adolescence to early adulthood for 12 years. every 3 years, each participant was interviewed individually. in the interview each participant was present with a series of moral dilemmas. the cross cultural element of the study involved testing 10-13 year olds in different countries like canada and britain about a story of theft of food.

Question 46

findings of Kohlberg

Answer 46

moral development occurs in the same sequence regardless of where a child grows up. each stage of moral developement comes one at a time and always in the same order.

Question 47

GRAVE analysis of Kohlberg

Answer 47

G - 75 american boys were used and their results were compared to different cultures. however, only males were used R - the study standardised procedure as the boys were all interviewed in the 3 year span and asked the same moral dilemma. A - Kohlberg applied the method to school V - kohlberg study lacks ecological validity as they haf to say what they would do in a hypothetical situation which could be different to what they do when they are actually faced with the situation. E - none

Question 48

how does kohlberg relate to the key theme of moral development

Answer 48

kohlberh looks at how boys moral reasoning changed over a 12 year period

Question 49

kohlbergs theory of moral development supports nature, why

Answer 49

it suggests we all move through predetermined stages of moral reasoning in the same sequence.

Question 50

how could kohlberg support nurture

Answer 50

that childrens moral reasoning was affected by the environment as middle class boys moved faster and further along moral reasoning.

Question 51

why is kohlberg unscientific

Answer 51

- researcher bias - some answers did not fit into a particular stage yet they were placed into one.

Question 52

what did kohlberg argue in regards to free will-determinism debate

Answer 52

kohlberg argues that we all move through predetermined stages of moral development in the same sequence, suggesting lack of free will.

Question 53

how does culture in canada differ from china

Answer 53

Canada is more individualist while china is more collectivist

Question 54

what was the aim of Lee et al's study

Answer 54

to investigate cross cultural differences in childrens understanding and moral judgements of lying by looking at chinese and canadian children.

Question 55

what was the research method and design of Lees study

Answer 55

- quasi experiment - independent measures design - two main groups, chinese and canadian and seperated in 3 different age groups, 7,9,11 year olds.

Question 56

sample of Lees study

Answer 56

120 male and female chinese children from a city in China 108 male and female canadian children from a smaller city in canada

Question 57

what were the IVs and DVs of Lees study

Answer 57

IV - whether the participant heard the physical, social or antisocial stories. the four conditions were truth telling stories - prosocial lie telling stories - antisocial truth telling stories - antisocial lie telling stories - prosocial. DV - the rating given to the story character's deed.

Question 58

what is the difference between the social and physical stories in Lees study?

Answer 58

the social stories involved the actions of the main character affecting other people the physcial involved only physical objects

Question 59

what was the procedure of Lees study

Answer 59

each participant was tested individually and read either the four social or four physical stories. they then rated the characters behaviour on a 7 point scale. the stories were presented in a randomised order and the researches alternated the words good and naughty in the questions. Everychild was then involved in a post experimental discussion as to why they made those decisions.

Question 60

what were the results of Lees study?

Answer 60

both canadian and chinese children viewed lying after a bad deed as negative and truth telling as positive. However, Chinese children thought it was good to lie after doing a good deed whereas Canadian children viewed it as naughty. This shows humbleness. 70% of chinese 11 year olds viewed lying positively after a good deed compared to 25% of 7 year olds, impact as they age.

Question 61

what were the conclusions of Lee's study?

Answer 61

Social and cultural norms affect childrens moral judgements chinese children rate truth telling less positively after doing a good deed due to the chinese cultural value of modesty.

Question 62

evaluation of Lees study

Answer 62

G - both girls and boys were used in the study. however, just chinese and canadian children are not representative of the wider population. R - the standardised procedure and scenarios make study easy to replicate. V - making judgements about characters is not the same as making judgements irl, so ecological validity decreased. internal validity was increased by randomising the order in which the children were given the stories.

Question 63

similarities and differences between bandura and chaney

Answer 63

+ both use quantitative data. In Bandura they found how 100% of children who observed aggressive behaviour imitated it. In chaneys study they found 81% had given medication the previous day with the funhaler + both have a similar sample in which they both use children as participants. in banduras study, they had 72 children from the ages 3-5. In chaneys study, they use 32 children from australia. - they have different research methods, bandura is a lab experiment whereas chaneys is a field experiment spanning over 2 weeks. - chaney has higher ecological validity in comparison to bandura

Question 64

similarities and differences between kohlberg and Lee

Answer 64

+ both studies were quasi. Kohlbergs study is quasi as he couldnt manipulate the age of the boys. Lees study was quasi as they couldnt manipulate childrens culture.