developmental area Flashcards
background to Bandura’s study
predominant thought at the time was believed that children would imitate the way they had seen an adult behave.
aim of Bandura’s study
to see whether children would imitate adult behaviour when given the opportunity, even if they saw these behaviours in a different environment and the original model they observed performing the behaviour was no longer present
sample and location of Bandura’s study
-72 children, equal gender split
-3-5 years old
-Stanford University
what experimental design did Bandura’s study use
matched participants- each participant is paired with another participant with a shared characteristic
what were the children matched on in Bandura’s study
-physical aggression levels
-verbal aggression levels
-inhibition aggression levels
-aggression towards inanimate objects
what was the inter rater reliability of Bandura’s study
0.89
how did the researchers know what the childrens prior levels of aggression were in Bandura’s study
children were observed prior to the experiment by both the teacher and nursery teacher and they made judgements on how aggressive they were rated on a five point scale
one advantage and disadvantage of using matched participants design in Bandura’s study
-stops prior levels of aggression influencing the results
-long process
procedure in Bandura’s study
1) each child taken to a room with lots of toys eg stickers and tinker toys
2) model would punch Bobo doll in aggressive condition and ignore it in non aggressive condition
3) mild aggression arousal stage- children taken into a smaller room by the experimenter containing attractive toys, allowing the child to play with these for 2 minutes before being taken away
4) all 72 children taken back to main room and observed through a one way mirror, recording physical, verbal, partial and novel aggressive behaviour
quantitative findings in Bandura’s study
-boys + aggressive male model = 25.8 mean physical aggressive acts
-boys + control = 2.0 acts
-girls + aggressive female model = 13.7 mean verbal aggressive acts
-girls + control = 0.7 acts
qualitative findings in Bandura’s study
- ‘he’s a good fighter like daddy’
- ‘that girl was just acting like a man’
background in Kohlberg’s study
morality explained in terms of super ego, ego and id
or explained as a consequence of children observing and imitating models who behave in a moral way
aim in Kohlberg’s study
wanted to provide research that would back up his theory of moral development inspired by Piaget
sample and location of Kohlberg’s study
-75 boys aged 10-16 until they were 22-28
-Taiwan, Turkey, Mexico, Malaysia, Canada, UK
procedure of Kohlberg’s study
-every boy presented with moral dilemmas eg Heinz every 3 years during this time
-using the boys answers, Kohlberg ranked them from 1 (least morally developed) to 6 (most) , forming his theory of the stages of moral development
findings of Kohlberg’s study - stages
pre conventional:
-orientation towards punishment- child responsive to cultural norms but behaves immorally if authority is missing
-self-interest orientation- child behaves in a self centred way
conventional:
-good boy/good girl orientation- child seeking approval from others
-orientation towards authority/fixed rules- child sees right behaviour as duty
post conventional:
social contract orientation- child does what is right based on law and personal values
universal ethical principles- child bases judgement on universal human rights of justice
background to Chaney et al’s study
-In Australia about 1 in 4 kids have asthma
-compliance with asthma medication is at 30-70%
aim to Chaney’s study
wanted to see whether the principles of positive reinforcement could be incorporated into an attachment spacer device to help train children in how to use their inhaler properly
sample and location of Chaney’s study
-32 children (22 boys, 10 girls)
-recruited from GP clinics near Perth, Australia
procedure of Chaney’s study
1) parents contacted by phone before being visited at home, they obtained written consent from parents before they filled in a questionnaire about their child’s current inhaler spacer device
2) parents were given a Funhaler to use with their child for 2 weeks - makes whistle sound and disc spins around
3) after 2 weeks, parents were contacted again and given another questionnaire to fill in on the Funhaler
findings in Chaney’s study
-50% of children had achieved the desired 4 or more breath cycles per delivery with their previous asthma inhaler, 80% achieved this with Funhaler
-10% parents had said they were happy with child’s previous asthma inhaler, 61% said this about Funhaler
background in Lee et al’s study
in individualistic cultures, people’s identities are defined by personal choices and achievements whereas in collectivist cultures people’s identities are defined by the groups they see themselves as a part of
aim of Lee’s study
culture- to find out if the culture a child grows up in affects their views about truth telling and lying
age- to find out if the views of children about truth-telling and lying change as they grow older
sample and location in Lee’s study
40 aged 7, 40 aged 9 and 40 aged 11 in China- collectivist
36 aged 7, 40 aged 9, 32 aged 11 in Canada - individualist
procedure in Lee’s study
1) each child had 4 different stories read to them of 4 scenarios:
-child would behave antisocially, and then lie to teacher about what they had done
-child would behave antisocially, and tell the truth to their teacher about it
-child would behave prosocially, and then lie to their teacher about it
-child would behave prosocially, and then tell the truth to their teacher about it
2) for half the children, the stories had a social impact, and for the other half an environmental impact
3) the children had to answer 2 questions for each story:
-is what xxx did good or naughty?
-is what xxx said to their teacher good or naughty?
using a 7 point rating chart
findings in Lee’s study
-children in China viewed telling the truth about something prosocial they had done less positively as they got older (begging for praise)
-children in China viewed lying about something prosocial they had done more positively as they got older
-children in Canada and China rated telling the truth about something antisocial they had done very positively
-children in Canada and China rated lying about something antisocial they had done very negatively, worse as they got older
