cognitive area

Question 1

background to Moray’s study

Answer 1

Cherry was interested in how people put up an inattentional barrier at a party with multiple conversations going on

Question 2

what is cocktail party effect

Answer 2

there is a barrier broken when your name is said in a crowder room

Question 3

what is dichotic listening

Answer 3

when headphones are worn by a participant and a different message is played in each ear

Question 4

what is shadowing

Answer 4

when a participant is told to focus on a passage of text and repeat it out loud as they hear it

Question 5

what is affective instructions

Answer 5

when a person is asked to do something preceded by their name being said

Question 6

aim to Moray’s study

Answer 6

test Cherrys findings on the inattentional barrier more thoroughly

Question 7

sample in Moray’s experiment 1

Answer 7

-undergraduate students
-both genders
-Oxford University

Question 8

procedure in Moray’s experiment 1

Answer 8

-participants shadowed a piece of prose they could hear in 1 ear (attended message)
-in other ear a list of words was repeated 35 times (rejected message)
-at the end participants completed a recognition task where they had to indicate what they recognised from a list of 21 words
-7 words were in attended passage, 7 were in rejected and 7 were in neither passage

Question 9

results

Answer 9

mean number of recognised shadowed passage-4.9

rejected passage- 1.9

Question 10

aim of Moray’s experiment 2

Answer 10

wanted to find out if an affective cue (their name) could break inattentional barrier

Question 11

sample of Moray’s experiment 2

Answer 11

-12 undergraduate students
-both genders
-Oxford University

Question 12

what was the independent variable in Moray’s experiment 2

Answer 12

whether an instruction within a rejected message was preceded by the participants name or not

Question 13

what was the dependent variable in Moray’s experiment 2

Answer 13

whether participants were more likely to hear an instruction in a message they’re not paying attention to if its preceded by their name

Question 14

procedure in Moray’s experiment 2

Answer 14

participants listened to 2 different passages at the same time
contained an instruction at the start and within them
both passages read in a steady monotone in a male voice

some instructions said name, you may stop now and some did not say name

Question 15

results for Moray’s experiment 2

Answer 15

number of times the instruction was presented in rejected passage for affective instructions was 39 compared to 36 for non affective instructions

Question 16

what was the aim of Moray’s experiment 3

Answer 16

would pre warning break the inattentional barrier

Question 17

sample used in Moray’s experiment 3

Answer 17

two groups of 14
both genders
Oxford University

Question 18

what was the independent variable in Moray’s experiment 3

Answer 18

manipulation of the instructions given to ‘set’ the 2 groups of participants

Question 19

what was the dependent variable in Moray’s experiment 3

Answer 19

how many digits our participants can recall from the rejected message

Question 20

procedure of Moray’s experiment 3

Answer 20

1) 1 group was told they would be asked questions about the shadowed message at the end of each message
2) the other group were specifically told to remember as many of the digits as possible

Question 21

results from Moray’s experiment 3

Answer 21

showed no difference in the mean scores of digits recalled correctly between the 2 set conditions - numbers cannot break through the block on the rejected message

Question 22

background to Loftus and Palmer’s study

Answer 22

Loftus was interested in the fragility of memory- how easily we can forget information

Question 23

what is schema theory

Answer 23

the ability to retain information and to demonstrate this retention of information through behaviour

Question 24

what is reconstructive memory

Answer 24

the way in which our biases and prejudices can unconsciously lead us to have memories of events that are distortions of what actually happened

Question 25

what are leading questions

Answer 25

a question which, by its form or content, suggests what answer is desired

Question 26

aim of Loftus and Palmer’s study

Answer 26

to investigate the effect of language on memory

Question 27

sample for Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 1

Answer 27

45 split into 5 groups of 9
students from Washington, USA

Question 28

what was the dependent variable in Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 1

Answer 28

estimated speed of car in video

Question 29

what were the 5 verbs used for IV in Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 1

Answer 29

-smashed
-bumped
-collided
-hit
-contacted

Question 30

procedure to Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 1

Answer 30

1) students were shown 7 clips from Evergreen Safety council of the Seattle Police Department. The staged clips lasted between 5 and 30 seconds. 4/7 clips were staged crashes where the speed at which they crashed was known
2) after each clip they were given a questionnaire
‘About how fast were the cars going when they ——- each other’

Question 31

results

Answer 31

smashed - estimate speed of 40.8
contacted - 31.8

Question 32

sample of Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 2

Answer 32

Washington, USA
150 split into 3 groups of 50
students

Question 33

procedure of Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 2

Answer 33

stage 1- participants watched a clip of a car crash
answered questionnaire (exp 1) verbs= hit/crashed

stage 2- a week later participants returned to answer more questions including ‘did you see any broken glass’

Question 34

results for Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 2

Answer 34

smashed - 16 remember seeing broken glass
hit- 7 remember seeing broken glass

Question 35

background to Grant Et Al’s study

Answer 35

context dependent memory is the idea that we are able to recall information best if we return to the same context we learnt the information, this was first investigated by Godden and Baddeley on divers

Question 36

aim to Grant’s study

Answer 36

whether the kind of context-dependency effect that has often been reported for recall (but not recognition) of unrelated lists of words would also be seen in relation to the type of meaningful prose that is presented in many academic courses

Question 37

sample and location of Grant’s study

Answer 37

17 females 23 males 17-56 years
data only analysed for 39

Question 38

what sampling method was used in Grant’s study

Answer 38

snowball, eight student researchers recruited 5 acquaintances to take part

Question 39

procedure to Grant’s study

Answer 39

participants read a short article on psychoimmunology (interesting)
either read article in silence or with cafeteria noise (both wore headphones)
they took a recall test and then multiple choice recognition test either with noise or silence

Question 40

results to Grant’s study

Answer 40

for recall tests taken in silence and article read in silence score was 6.7/10 compared to 4.6 for test taken with noise and article read in silence

Question 41

background to Simon and Chabris’ study

Answer 41

interested in inattentional blindness- when people fail to see something because they are paying attention to something else

investigated by Neisser as most people failed to see woman with umbrella whilst focusing on a basketball game in a video

Question 42

aim of Simon and Chabris’ study

Answer 42

wanted to investigate whether the results from Neisser’s research were affected by the way he had made his video (transparent effect) and whether the results would differ for an opaque video

Question 43

sample of Simon and Chabris’ study

Answer 43

228 participants
students at Harvard University
results were only based on data from 192 participants

Question 44

procedure of Simon and Chabris’ study

Answer 44

each participant watched a short video, and was then asked questions about what they had seen
the video was either:
-opaque or transparent
-a woman with umbrella or woman in gorilla costume
-counting basketball passes of black/white team
-easy task or hard task count aerial and bounce passes

Question 45

results from Simon and Chabris’ study

Answer 45

easy task white team transparent umbrella- 58 noticed
easy task white team transparent gorilla - 8 noticed