cognitive area Flashcards
background to Moray’s study
Cherry was interested in how people put up an inattentional barrier at a party with multiple conversations going on
what is cocktail party effect
there is a barrier broken when your name is said in a crowder room
what is dichotic listening
when headphones are worn by a participant and a different message is played in each ear
what is shadowing
when a participant is told to focus on a passage of text and repeat it out loud as they hear it
what is affective instructions
when a person is asked to do something preceded by their name being said
aim to Moray’s study
test Cherrys findings on the inattentional barrier more thoroughly
sample in Moray’s experiment 1
-undergraduate students
-both genders
-Oxford University
procedure in Moray’s experiment 1
-participants shadowed a piece of prose they could hear in 1 ear (attended message)
-in other ear a list of words was repeated 35 times (rejected message)
-at the end participants completed a recognition task where they had to indicate what they recognised from a list of 21 words
-7 words were in attended passage, 7 were in rejected and 7 were in neither passage
results
mean number of recognised shadowed passage-4.9
rejected passage- 1.9
aim of Moray’s experiment 2
wanted to find out if an affective cue (their name) could break inattentional barrier
sample of Moray’s experiment 2
-12 undergraduate students
-both genders
-Oxford University
what was the independent variable in Moray’s experiment 2
whether an instruction within a rejected message was preceded by the participants name or not
what was the dependent variable in Moray’s experiment 2
whether participants were more likely to hear an instruction in a message they’re not paying attention to if its preceded by their name
procedure in Moray’s experiment 2
participants listened to 2 different passages at the same time
contained an instruction at the start and within them
both passages read in a steady monotone in a male voice
some instructions said name, you may stop now and some did not say name
results for Moray’s experiment 2
number of times the instruction was presented in rejected passage for affective instructions was 39 compared to 36 for non affective instructions
what was the aim of Moray’s experiment 3
would pre warning break the inattentional barrier
sample used in Moray’s experiment 3
two groups of 14
both genders
Oxford University
what was the independent variable in Moray’s experiment 3
manipulation of the instructions given to ‘set’ the 2 groups of participants
what was the dependent variable in Moray’s experiment 3
how many digits our participants can recall from the rejected message
procedure of Moray’s experiment 3
1) 1 group was told they would be asked questions about the shadowed message at the end of each message
2) the other group were specifically told to remember as many of the digits as possible
results from Moray’s experiment 3
showed no difference in the mean scores of digits recalled correctly between the 2 set conditions - numbers cannot break through the block on the rejected message
background to Loftus and Palmer’s study
Loftus was interested in the fragility of memory- how easily we can forget information
what is schema theory
the ability to retain information and to demonstrate this retention of information through behaviour
what is reconstructive memory
the way in which our biases and prejudices can unconsciously lead us to have memories of events that are distortions of what actually happened
what are leading questions
a question which, by its form or content, suggests what answer is desired
aim of Loftus and Palmer’s study
to investigate the effect of language on memory
sample for Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 1
45 split into 5 groups of 9
students from Washington, USA
what was the dependent variable in Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 1
estimated speed of car in video
what were the 5 verbs used for IV in Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 1
-smashed
-bumped
-collided
-hit
-contacted
procedure to Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 1
1) students were shown 7 clips from Evergreen Safety council of the Seattle Police Department. The staged clips lasted between 5 and 30 seconds. 4/7 clips were staged crashes where the speed at which they crashed was known
2) after each clip they were given a questionnaire
‘About how fast were the cars going when they ——- each other’
results
smashed - estimate speed of 40.8
contacted - 31.8
sample of Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 2
Washington, USA
150 split into 3 groups of 50
students
procedure of Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 2
stage 1- participants watched a clip of a car crash
answered questionnaire (exp 1) verbs= hit/crashed
stage 2- a week later participants returned to answer more questions including ‘did you see any broken glass’
results for Loftus and Palmer’s experiment 2
smashed - 16 remember seeing broken glass
hit- 7 remember seeing broken glass
background to Grant Et Al’s study
context dependent memory is the idea that we are able to recall information best if we return to the same context we learnt the information, this was first investigated by Godden and Baddeley on divers
aim to Grant’s study
whether the kind of context-dependency effect that has often been reported for recall (but not recognition) of unrelated lists of words would also be seen in relation to the type of meaningful prose that is presented in many academic courses
sample and location of Grant’s study
17 females 23 males 17-56 years
data only analysed for 39
what sampling method was used in Grant’s study
snowball, eight student researchers recruited 5 acquaintances to take part
procedure to Grant’s study
participants read a short article on psychoimmunology (interesting)
either read article in silence or with cafeteria noise (both wore headphones)
they took a recall test and then multiple choice recognition test either with noise or silence
results to Grant’s study
for recall tests taken in silence and article read in silence score was 6.7/10 compared to 4.6 for test taken with noise and article read in silence
background to Simon and Chabris’ study
interested in inattentional blindness- when people fail to see something because they are paying attention to something else
investigated by Neisser as most people failed to see woman with umbrella whilst focusing on a basketball game in a video
aim of Simon and Chabris’ study
wanted to investigate whether the results from Neisser’s research were affected by the way he had made his video (transparent effect) and whether the results would differ for an opaque video
sample of Simon and Chabris’ study
228 participants
students at Harvard University
results were only based on data from 192 participants
procedure of Simon and Chabris’ study
each participant watched a short video, and was then asked questions about what they had seen
the video was either:
-opaque or transparent
-a woman with umbrella or woman in gorilla costume
-counting basketball passes of black/white team
-easy task or hard task count aerial and bounce passes
results from Simon and Chabris’ study
easy task white team transparent umbrella- 58 noticed
easy task white team transparent gorilla - 8 noticed
