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Fundamentals Block 2 > Developmental Anatomy: First Week > Flashcards

Developmental Anatomy: First Week Flashcards

1
Q

When does a trimester start and how long is it?

A

It begins the first day of the last period, and its 3-3 month periods

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2
Q

What are the 6 phases?

A

Gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, formation of body plan, organogenesis

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3
Q

What are the 3 periods?

A

Egg, embryo, fetus

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4
Q

primordial germ cells originate from the ______________ and move to the yolk sac during week 2

A

epiblast

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5
Q

from the yolk sac, primordial germ cells migrate to the ______________ during week 5-6`

A

genital ridge

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6
Q

in the ___________________primordial germ cells undergo mitosis yielding spermatogonia in males and oogonia in females

A

genital ridge

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7
Q

spermatogonia arrest in ______________ until puberty and oogonia arrest in _________________until puberty or never

A

mitotic phase
meiosis I prophase

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8
Q

What is capacitation and where does it occur?

A

-changes in the acrosome allows the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida of egg
-occurs in female reproductive tract and takes about 7 hours

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9
Q

spermatozoa retain their ability to fertilize for how many days?

A

1-3 days

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10
Q

How many oocytes actually become secondary oocytes?

A

400
-2,000,000 primary at birth
-40,000 at puberty

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11
Q

primary oocytes are arrested in what phase until puberty?

A

prophase of meiosis I

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11
Q

what 3 hormones control the ovarian cycle?

A

-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-luteinizing hormone (LH)
-estrogen

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12
Q

secondary oocytes are arrested in what phase until fertilization?

A

metaphase of meiosis II

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13
Q

after completion of what phase does an oocyte become definitive?

A

meiosis II

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14
Q

what is the purpose of the uterine (menstrual) cycle?

A

preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy

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15
Q

the sloughing off of the endometrium due to a drop in progesterone from the corpus luteum

A

menstrual phase (5 days)

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16
Q

the endometrium begins to thicken due to the release of FSH and estrogen

A

proliferative phase (9 days)

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17
Q

progesterone from corpus luteum after ovulation causes (a) the endometrial glands to secrete glycogen rich material (b) the spiral arteries to enlarge

A

secretory phase (13 days)

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18
Q

no fertilization–> the dropping of progesterone dye to degenerating corpus luteum cause (a) spiral arteries falling apart (b) pieces of the endometrium shedding into the uterine cavity

A

ischemic phase (1 day)

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19
Q

if fertilization occurs, hormone levels remain high and the endometrial lining is maintained

A

pregnancy phase

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20
Q

describe the pathway of sperm ejaculation

A

from the epididymis the sperm passes through the ductus deferens to the ejaculatory duct and finally into the urethra before being deposited in the vagina around the external os of the cervix

21
Q

describe the pathway of the oocyte

A

the secondary oocyte is swept into the infundibulum of the uterine tube by the sweeping action of the fimbria then passes into the ampulla by peristalsis

22
Q

in what location does the sperm meet the egg

A

ampulla of the uterine tube

23
Q

why do only about 300 sperms survive in the vagina

A

-vaginal pH is acidic
-cervical mucus is thick (more watery around ovulation)

24
Q

what are the major steps of fertilization?

A

-penetration of the corona radiata
-penetration of the zona pellucida
-fusion of the cell membrane

25
Q

glycoprotein layer surrounding the egg

A

zona pellucida

26
Q

what makes the zona pellucida off limits to penetration of further sperm

A

sperm penetration causes cortical granules to release their contents

27
Q

what process resumes when the egg and sperm fuse

A

meiosis II

28
Q

describe the fusion of genetic material during fertilization

A

-pronuclei of sperm and oocyte fuse
-chromosomes replicated in preparation of 1st cleavage

29
Q

what is cleavage

A

a series of mitotic division occur within the bounds of the zona pellucida so the overall size of the zygote cannot increase despite the growing number of cells

30
Q

what are blastomeres

A

smaller and smaller daughter cells

31
Q

when does the zygote become a morula?

A

about 4 days after fertilization, it consists of 16-32 blastomeres

32
Q

a solid ball of cells

A

morula

33
Q

what converts the loose blastomeres into a tight ball of cells

A

the formation of intracellular junctions

34
Q

what takes place for the blastocyst to form?

A

at day 4 the blastomeres are able to control the flow of ions.
as they pumps ions, water follows into its interior and the morula are rearranged into a fluid filled ball

35
Q

what happens at the end of day 4?

A

blastocyst enters the uterine cavity

36
Q

what happens on day 5?

A

blastocyst hatches from zona pellucida to interact directly with endometrium

37
Q

what happens on day 6?

A

-embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus, adjacent to the embryonic pole
-trophoblast differentiates into an inner cytotrophoblast and an outer syncytiotrophoblast
-embryoblast differentiates into epiblast and hypoblast
-endometrial stroma shows decidual reaction

38
Q

what is the length of an embryo

A

0.1-0.2 mm

39
Q

what percentage of fertile couples 35 and under will conceive within 12 months of trying? with what chance of conceiving each cycle?

A

90%
25%

40
Q

how many couples have difficulty achieving pregnancy?

A

1/6 couples

41
Q

what are the female factors that contribute to fertility problems?

A

-endocrine disorders
-oviduct damage (resulting mostly from pelvic inflammatory disease)

42
Q

what are the male factors that contribute to fertility problems?

A

-endocrine disorders
-abnormal spermatogenesis
-obstruction of genital ducts

43
Q

what percentage of IVF results in live birth?

A

30%

44
Q

describe the IVF procedure:

A

-stimulation of gamete production
-capturing and storing gametes (liquid nitrogen and glycerin)
-fertilization and storage
-3 embryos injected into the uterus by way of catheter

45
Q

how can ovulation be prevented?

A

pill (estrogen/progesterone)

46
Q

what can go wrong in fertilization?

A

-maternal pronucleus is lost
-oocyte fertilized by two sperm

47
Q

what can go wrong during cleavage?

A

-loss of chromosome from a set of cells
-gene mutation

48
Q

what can go wrong in implantation?

A

ectopic pregnancy

49
Q

how are teratomas (begin tumors) formed?

A

primordial germ cells get stranded or strayed

50
Q

what is the phenotype of a patient with turner syndrome?

A

female, usually infertile without secondary sexual characteristics

51
Q

what are symptoms of turner syndrome?

A

-short stature
-low set ears
-broad chest with nipples wide apart
-lymphedema
-webbed neck
-swollen extremities
-heart defects, kidney problem

Fundamentals Block 2 (10 decks)

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