developmental

Question 1

Theory: Piaget

1st stage

Answer 1

1. Sensorimotor intelligence (0-2y)
   Described by learning through the senses and movements.
   Also acquire object permanence: when a previously seen object is suddenly veiled, the knowledge that the object is still there is retained: they continue to exist without being seen

Question 2

Theory: Piaget

2nd stage

Answer 2

2. Pre-operational thought (2-7y)
   Piaget argues children are egocentric in this stage, ie cannot understand the world through other’s perspectives just yet. Children also think more symbolically, but can’t transfer knowledge across situations.

Question 3

Theory: Piaget

3rd stage

Answer 3

3. Concrete operational thought (7-12y)
   Start to implement logic in problem solving but only when dealing with concrete objects. More random than systematic thinking

Question 4

Theory: Piaget

3rd stage

Answer 4

4. Formal thought (12y-)
   - Formal abstract logic implementation
   - Manipulation of ideas, concepts, numbers
   - Hypothetical thoughts
   - More systematic approaches

Question 5

Theory: Vygotsky

Question 6

Stages of play

Answer 6

1. Practice play
   practice of useful behaviour out of usual context, involving reptition of already mastered skills
2. Symbolic play
   the use of substitute objects or actions, i.e. pretending. marks start of representational thought.

Question 7

Hughes (1975)

procedure, results

Answer 7

An example of cog. development through familiar play.

Reconstructed Piaget’s 3 mountains task with dolls as a hide and seek game between a boy and 2 policemen, with the children being 3.5-5 years old.

Results: 90% of 4 year olds could do the task and thus were not egocentric.

Question 8

Russ, Robins, & Cristiano (1999)

aim, results

Answer 8

6 and 7 year olds ability to engage in pretend play predicted ‘divergent thinking’ over a 4 year period and measured affect (emotion)

Result: Imaginative pretend play predicted divergent thinking, and is a predictive factor of later problem-solving creativity

Question 9

Parten identifying 6 types of complex peer play

Answer 9

1. Unoccupied: watch others but do not enter play
2. Onlooker: watch others, may talk or ask questions and move closer to play
3. Solitary independent play: playing alone with no external interaction
4. Parallel activity: child playing with toys liket those being used by nearby children. playing “beside” and not “with” others
5. Associative play: children playing together but no roles are assigned and no common goal is established
6. Cooperative play: children playing together to build or construct something, competitions, produce dramas, games with formal rules, etc.