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Geography > Development unit(economic world) > Flashcards

Development unit(economic world) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the demographic transition model?

A

the total population, death rate and birth rate change separated into stages

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2
Q

what is shown in stage 1 of the D.T.M

A

> no contraception
everybody having babies
not all children survive(high infant mortality rate)
undeveloped

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3
Q

what is shown in stage 2 of the D.T.M

A

> death rate falls
.introduction to basic health care
vaccination
more developed than stage 1

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4
Q

what is shown in stage 3 of the D.T.M

A 
>birth rate begins to fall
>women choosing career over children
>death rate falls again
>advanced medicine and better hospitals
>NEE level of development
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5
Q

what is shown in stage 4 of the D.T.M

A

> birth rate is so low as many of the population is elderly(low fertility)
death rate starts to increase again
elderly die off, even thought there is a high life expectancy
HIC’s

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6
Q

what are some of the causes of uneven development?

A

Landlocked, Natural Hazards, Corrupt Government, War, Climate, Resource Endowment

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7
Q

what is a consequence of uneven development?

A

Migration
>social=better schools/health care/improved quality of life
>economic=remittances(money earnt by international migrants in the host country, then sending back money to their families, in the source country) which can help development as it helps the standard of living improve in the host country

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8
Q

what are the strategies to close the development gap?

A

Investment, Industrial development: tourism, Aid, Intermediate technology, Fairtrade, Debt relief, Microfinance loans

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9
Q

what does Investment do to help solve the development gap?

A

Investing in Infrastructure in LIC’s and NEE’s helps economic development as it is easier to transport any goods around a country to then sell & develop(EG- China invested in Nigeria narrow-gauge railway allow better flow of trade in West Africa)

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10
Q

what does tourism do to help solve the development gap?

A

investing in tourism means that people can earn more and have better jobs and so therefore, a better quality of life (EG tourism in Kenya)

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11
Q

what does Aid do to help solve the development gap?

A

having aid can lead to fixing inequalities and developing socially and economically(EG Afghanistan (pre latest Taliban take-over) aid from UK&/US improved schools)

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12
Q

what does Intermediate Technology do to help solve the development gap?

A

it provides people with simple tools and information to improve their standard of living , they can make faster progress (EG Action Aid (and NGO) provide Bangladeshi women with the knowledge on how to plant drought-proof crops so they can have an income)

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13
Q

what does Fairtrade do to help solve the development gap?

A

by having fair profits, people are able to buy things to improve their standard of living/ quality of life and also have money be reinvested to help build schools ad health clinics in local communities(EG Tesco fair trade bananas)

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14
Q

Kenyan Tourism:

A

Kenyan Tourism:

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15
Q

how many jobs did travel and tourism generate in 2013?

A

directly 226,500 jobs and 11.6% of Kenya’s jobs rely on tourism

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16
Q

how much GDP has tourism contributed to?

A

12.1% of GDP

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17
Q

what is improved as a result of tourists?

A

infrastructure is improved as water, sanitation facilities, roads, buses, taxi’s and airports are provided for tourists

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18
Q

Why would tourists want to go to Kenya?(human)

A

> to see cultural shows, eg Maasai Warriors& will pay good money to see it
to experience cultural foods(eg Ugali)
to learn the country’s history

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19
Q

Why would tourists want to go to Kenya?(physical)

A

> to see the landscape-photography
hiking
animals/species
hot weather/tropical climate

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20
Q

what are the negatives of tourism?

A

> foreign companies may bring workers to do the skilled jobs and leave local people with the low skilled jobs(no growth, stuck as LIC)
important projects for local communities might be side-lined as many development projects are focused on tourists
profits often go to foreign companies, not the community
coastal environments could be damaged(eg coral is taken is trampled on)

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21
Q

NIGERIA

A

NIGERIA

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22
Q

What is the positive multiplier effect?

A

an impact that creates other positive impacts(knock-on effect)

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23
Q

Is Nigeria a LIC, NEE or HIC?

A

Nigeria is a NEE

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24
Q

What are some facts about Nigeria?

A

> It had the largest population in Africa of 200million
It has a fast growing increasing population, ranking 7th in 2015 and potentially 3rd in 2050
In 2014 it over took South-Africa as the largest African economy
It became the world’s 21st economy in 2014
Nigeria supplies 2.7% of the world’s oil, 12th producer

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25
Q

what percentage of Nigerian’s work in the primary sector?

A

40% of Nigerian’s are agricultural workers producing cotton , cocoa and rubber

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26
Q

What is a TNC?

A

A TNC is a transnational corporation, a company which operates in many countries around the world

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27
Q

What is an examples of a TNC in Nigeria?

A

Dangote Group Cement(secondary sector)

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28
Q

How many countries does Dangote Group operate in?

A

17

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29
Q

What are some advantages of Dangote Group?

A

> revenue was $4.1billion in 2017
Aliko Dangote Foundation(ADF) is a private charitable foundation which aims to improves Nigeria’s health & wellbeing, promote quality education & broaden economic opportunities
company employs 30,000
ADF donated $24mill to increasing female education
ADF PROVIDED SCHOLARSHIPS
ADF donated $1.2mil in humanitarian relief to Nigerian communities struggling
ADF donated $24mil to Nigerian UNIs & $12 mil to developing a business school

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30
Q

What are some disadvantages of Dangote Group?

A 
>very high polluting CO2
>profits are returned to source country
>high demand will increase wages
>fairly expensive running costs
>brain drain in areas(low skilled people are left behind)
31
Q

What are some advantages of Dangote Group oil refinery?

A

> will be largest in Africa & amongst the largest in the world
capacity is forecasted as 650,000 barrels per day
potentially create up to 70,000 jobs

32
Q

What are some disadvantages of Dangote Group oil refinery?

A

> construction related pollution
potential oil spills harming marine life
region’s fish are vanishing
could change local ecosystems

33
Q

What is bottom-up aid?

A

community led programs help the local people &listen to their needs. small scale
EG water-aid installing water pumps in local villages in Ghana

34
Q

What is top-down aid?

A

Government led large-scale projects that filter money down to local communities
EG Chinese gov. providing money to the Nigerian gov. to spend on infrastructure

35
Q

What is tied aid?

A

aid given but with strings attached to the money (eg what is can be spent on)
EG Chinese aid to Nigeria to invest in exploration and drilling of oilfields

36
Q

What is bilateral aid?

A

Aid given from one country to another

EG UK aid to Pakistan to spend on health & education

37
Q

What is multilateral aid?

A

aid given from a large organization to a country

EG UN sending emergency supplies to Haiti after the 2010 earthquake

38
Q

What is ODA?

A

given by governments and paid for through tax

EG UK funding a hydroelectric dam in Malaysia

39
Q

What is Voluntary aid?

A

given through charities and NGOs

EG Oxfam providing food supplies of Afghanistan

40
Q

What has UK aid to Nigeria done?

A

> 242,000 children supported to gain a decent education
3.5 mil people with sustainable access to clean water and/or sanitation
10.3mil children under 5 and women & adolescent girls reached through nutrition related interventions
347,000 additional females using modern methods of family planning between 2015-17

41
Q

Is Aid necessary in Nigeria?

A

YES-
>40% Nigerian’s live in extreme poverty
N0-
>Nigeria funds its own space program

42
Q

What does Quality of life mean?

A

measuring peoples access to healthcare & education which forms their satisfaction from a social perspective

43
Q

What does standard of living mean?

A

Measuring peoples access to wealth can impact what they can purchase (eg house) economic measure

44
Q

ECONOMIC CHANGE IN UK

A

ECONOMIC CHANGE IN UK

45
Q

What were jobs like pre-Industrialization?

A

> no skills
very poor
subsistence

46
Q

What were jobs like during Industrialization?

A

agricultural revolution
>rural-urban migration
cotton mills

47
Q

What were jobs like post-Industrialisation?

A 
Margaret Thatcher
>closed mines
>closed ship building#
upskilled adults
tertiary
rise of IT
48
Q

What does post-industrialisation mean?

A

heavy , dirty secondary industry shuts down in favor of tertiary and quaternary

49
Q

What is a science park?

A

Industrial estates where High-Tec industries locate. These are often environmentally friendly and located strategically to encourage business’ to locate there.

50
Q

What is an example of a science park in the UK?

A

Cambridge science park
>east of M11
>near the A10 & A1309

51
Q

What is the case study of making industry more sustainable?

A

JCB

52
Q

What are some impacts of industry?

A 
POSITIVES-
>more economic opportunities
>more diverse job opportunities
>tax income for gov
>science parks are sustainable& eco-friendly 
NEGATIVE-
>increase pollution(air, water ,land)
>closure of local shops but rise of TNCs
>increase traffic/congestion
>landfill increases
>raw sewage pumped into water ways
53
Q

What are some environmental improvements JCB has achieved?

A

> over 80% of all waste is recycled, with 4 sites already at 0 waste
20%reduction in CO2 achieved in 2010
using solar energy to heat water for showers and sinks
incorporating sky lights so that the factory can run with natural lighting all day
motion sensors of escalators- saving energy
using low carbon intensive methods of transport. reduced carbon impact by 70%, reducing costs
increasing greenery at sites

54
Q

What is rural-depopulation?

A

declining number of people in a given area in the countryside

55
Q

What is counter-urbanisation?

A

the growth of the number of people in a rural area, as they leave the cities

56
Q

what is demography?

A

study of population

57
Q

ISLAND OF SKYE &OUTER HEBRIDES STUDY

A

ISLAND OF SKYE &OUTER HEBRIDES STUDY

58
Q

What are some (negative) facts about the Outer Hebrides?

A 
>25% decline ages 0-15
>11% increase in these of pension age
>21% decrease in those of working age
>population predicted to fall by 13.7% by 2039
>more women leaving then men
59
Q

What are the positives of the Outer Hebrides?

A

> decline in population means those looking for a quiet community may be interested
could lead to a rise in tourism
opportunity for ew-wilding the countryside and returning habitats to former glory

60
Q

What are the reasons for counter-urbanisation of Skye?

A 
PULL FACTORS
>beautiful scenery
>water sports
>naturistic
>sparsely populated-quiet
>sea-food
61
Q

What are some (positive & negative) facts about Skye?

A

> population is expected to increase by 12% in 25years
percentage of people aged 75+ is expected to increase by 150%
house prices have risen by £65,000 on average over 4 years(2016-20)
new business’ have opened on the island

62
Q

What are the negatives of counter-urbanisation?

A

> rise in houses mean locals have t pay more or are pushed out
risk of eroding island culture as new-comers bring in different cultures
rise in environmental degradation as more population leads to pollution increase

63
Q

NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE

A

MPRTH-SOUTH DIVIDE

64
Q

What are some of the infrastructure improvement that were made in the UK?

A

ROADS-
>1300 new lane miles to motorways to ease congestion
>£15billion invested in improving roads(eg smart motorways)
>100 new road schemes were created

AIRPORTS-
>a new 3rd runway at Heathrow costing £18.6billion
>one village will be demolished to build the 3rd runway
>the expansion will generate up to £147billion over 60years & provide 70,000 new jobs

PORTS
>Liverpool docks-new container terminal will double trade in&out of Liverpool
>costs £400million
>UK ports remain the largest in Europe but importance have declined over time

65
Q

What is HS2?

A

a planned fast train link between London 7 the North of England
>to be completed around 2026
>estimated cost is at least £43billion
>dramatically cut journey time(London to Birmingham in 49mins)

66
Q

What are Devolution Measures?

A

giving more money 7 power to local councils in the North; taking power from Westminster
EG Manchester mayor Andy Burnham given £1billion to help Manchester

67
Q

What does relocation do?

A

the relocating of big business’ and organizations into designated ENTERPRIZE ZONES offering cheaper rates and super fast broadband

68
Q

THE UK WITHIN THE WIDER WORLD

A

THE UK WITHIN THE WIDER WORLD

69
Q

What is the common wealth?

A

one of the world’s oldest political groups, a group of 53 countries & began when these countries were ruled by Britain

70
Q

What is G7?

A

USA, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan & the UK meet yearly to discuss global economic issues
>aims to find a common solution for major global challenges including peace& security, counter-terrorism, development, health, education, the environment and climate change

71
Q

What is UK trade like?

A 
EU-51%
Non-EU-9%
North America-19%
Latin America +Caribbean-2%
Asia+ Oceania-12%
Sub Saharan Africa-3%
72
Q

What is UK culture like?

A

UK literature, music, cinema, sport, television ,history &architect
>Tourists visit the UK to experience the culture

73
Q

What is UK transport like?

A

Increasing air travel is strengthening the UK links with other countries
>UK has modern port facilities & a high speed rail link to Europe

74
Q

What is UK communications like?

A

linked with the rest of the world via internet-internet cables under the sea=fast connections to countries globally

Geography (5 decks)

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