Development (Terms/Definitions) Flashcards
Development
Development I
Definition:
Changes and continuities in a person between conception and death
Made up of two things:
- maturation
- learning
Development I
Maturation
Development I
Biologically-timed changes encoded in genetic code
Development I
Learning
Development I
Permanent changes due to the external environment the person leaves in (behaviour, feelings, thoughts)
Development I
Interactionist Perspective
Development I
Interactions between maturation and learning (some biological changes must take place for learning to occur - eg. toddler walking - some level of input (learning) needs to happen before maturation happens - eg. vision)
Development I
Methods of Measuring Infant Abilities
Development I
- Habituation Procedure
- High-Amplitude Sucking Method
- Preference Method
- Event Related Potentials (ERPs)
Development I
Habituation Procedure
Development I
(Physiological responses are recorded)
- one stimulus gets repeated (at the beginning - burst of activity - after habituation - returns to baseline)
- if baby can differentiate another stimuli, another burst of activity
Development I
High-Amplitude Sucking Method
Development I
Baby sucks on special pacifier
- Get baseline sucking rate w/o presence of stimuli
Shaping procedure
- baby has control over what stimuli is shown
When shown a stimuli:
- if sucks faster, the baby likes the stimuli (stimuli is shown)
- if stays the same or slower, baby doesn’t like the stimuli (stimuli isn’t shown)
Development I
Event Related Potentials (ERPs)
Development I
- measures electrical activity of the brain when shown stimuli (worn cap)
Development I
Preference Method
Development I
- baby is presented by two stimulus
- researchers observe how much time/direction baby looks at one stimulus compared to other
Development I
Competence-Performance Distinction
Development I
- someone can fail a task not because they lack the cognitive ability to do the task, but because the lack to ability to express the ability to do it
Development I
Longitudinal Design
Development I
- same people
- more expensive
- more people can drop of the study (selective attrition)
- practice effect (not bc of age they are doing better, but because they’ve practiced the ability over and over again)
Development I
Cross-Sectional Design
Development I
- different people of different age groups
- less expensive
- can only make generalizations (not directly tracking changes with individual’s age)
- cant distinguish between age effects vs. generational effects
Development I
Simple Dominant-Recessive Inheritance
Development II
- (like pea plants)
- expression of trait is determined by one pair of alleles (one from each parent)
Development II
Polygenic Inheritance
Development II
- more than one gene impacts the phenotype (usually for complex traits)
Development II
Codominance
Development II
- 2 dominant alleles are fully, equally expressed in the phenotype (like blood type AB)
Development II
