Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience Redemption > development part 1 > Flashcards

development part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Development

A

the complex process of turning a single fertilized egg into a fully-­‐formed animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

initially, what are embryos?

A

undifferentiated sheets of cells.. (organisms have polarity, where does this come from?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

‘primitive streak’

A

establishes the axes of the developing embryo: divides left from right and anterior from posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The neural folds fuse to create the ______

A

Neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do the neural folds fuse?

A

from the middle outwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Problems with neural tube development: Anencephaly & spine bifida.

A

At the rostral end problems with the process cause anencephaly at the caudal end, closure defects cause spine bifida.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

differentiation

A

the process where a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized type of cell. Largely a process of customizing transcription, tuning gene expression to create different cell types.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the closed neural tube expands into ______

A

3 bulges or “three primary brain vesicles”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is neural development all about?

A

elaboration of the three primary brain vesicles into more complex structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

three primary brain vesicles

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

secondary vesicles of the forebrain

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

As the telencephalon (‘cerebrum’) develops it expands ______ and ______ to sit to the developing mid-­ and hind‐brain.

A

laterally and caudally.

dorsal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Differentiation of the telencephalon

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Differentiation of the telencephalon

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Differentiation of the telencephalon

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Differentiation of the telencephalon

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A mouse with a spontaneous genetic mutation in the ‘reeler’ gene has _______. Specifically, _______

A

disorganized brain structure.

lamination is altered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

for circuts to form correctly several things must happen…

A
  1. ) Neurons must be born in the right place and time (neurogenesis)
  2. ) Axonal projections must grow enabling them to target the appropriate cells
  3. Specific synaptic connections must form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Transcription
factors

A

proteins that rgulate the expression of genes.

They can positivly and negitivly regulate target gene expression, ot work in concert with a widerange of co-regulators to finely tune gene expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Radial glial cells

A

project from the ventricular to pial surface.

Neuroblasts, born via horizontal cleavage at the ventricular zone, migrate up the radial glia, forming the layers of the cortex: subplate, cortical plate, layer VI, V, IV, III, II, I.

Note: deeper layers first!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Unlike most projection neurons, interneurons and oligodendrocytes
migrate _______ into the cortex

A

Laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Areas of cortex are distinguishable by ______ features

A

cytoarchitectural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Transplantation experiments demonstrate that one type of cortex (visual) can be differentiated into another (somatosensory).

This suggests that the ______ helps define specific cytoarchitecture in the developing cortex

A

input recieved.

24
Q

Growing retinal axons must choose three things correctly

A
  1. Pathway: Which way to turn at
    the optic chiasm?
  2. Target: When you get to the
    correct structure (here the
    thalamus), which nucleus do
    innervate?
  3. Address: Of all the neurons
    within the target nucleus, which
    one(s) do you synapse with?
25
Q

Lamellipodia

A

sample the environment, driven forward by dynamic
growth of filopodia.

26
Q

Filopodia

A

grasp the substrate at appropriately
coated areas to pull the growth cone forward.

27
Q

fasciculation

A

Axons can grow towards common targets together, thanks to
fasciculation, or the tendency to stick together. Axons are bound
together via cell adhesion molecules (CAMs).

28
Q

growing axons are steered by _____________

A

external guidance cues

29
Q

what are axon external guidence cues

A

Substrates that can be either attractive or repulsive to axons, directing their growth. The environment can also contain diffusible chemoattractant and chemo-repellent signals.

30
Q

what must happen for a chemoattractant or repellant to work?

A

cells must express its receptor.

31
Q

can receptor expression be changed?

A

receptor expression can change in response to the
environment. This lets axons can be attracted and repelled by the same structure.

32
Q

The chemoaffinity hypothesis and axon
patterning

A

Retinal axons project to the tectum in the frog in a “retinotopic” manner.

This means retinal axons preserve spatial information by innervating specific parts of the tectum.

They do this by differentially responding to
chemo-repellents.

33
Q

How do Antagonistic gradients refine targeting?

A

Often, axons are targeted with antagonistic gradients of chemoattractants and chemo-repellants. By varying the amount of receptors for each of these, final destinations can be precisely encoded.

34
Q

The growth cone of a motor neuron secretes _______

A

agrin

35
Q

Agrin interaction with MuSK on the muscle cell membrane causes _______

A

acetylcholine receptor clustering.

36
Q

interactions between the basal lamina and the
motor neuron lead to _____ and ______.

A

calcium entry.

neurotransmitter release.

37
Q

Neurulation creates a _______.

A

‘neural groove’

38
Q

optic cup anatomy

A
39
Q

The ‘optic cup’, which becomes _____,
grows from the diencephalon which becomes ____

A

the retina (in the back of the eye).

the optic nerve.

40
Q

development of mid-brain (pic)

A
41
Q

Rostral Development of the hindbrain

A
42
Q

caudal development of the hindbrain (pic)

A
43
Q

blastula

A

The fertilized egg divides, forming a multi-­‐cellular blastula.

a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres, surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity.

44
Q

gastrulation

A

cells of the blastula fold inward and enlarge to form the gastrula.

45
Q

3 distinct layers of tissue in the gastrula

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

46
Q

the central nervous system develops from the _____

A

ectoderm.

47
Q

where is there a cross over in the central nervous system?

A

Pyramidal decussation in the medulla

48
Q

Axon guidance is ____ between intermediate targets

A

dynamic

49
Q

Neuroblasts differentiate into _______

A

mature brain cells

50
Q

In response to diverse chemical inputs, neuroblasts differentiate into __________

A

neurons (early), astrocytes (later) or oligodendrocytes (last)

51
Q

what is associated with Maturation?

A

major transcriptional changes that precede morphological changes.

52
Q

Regions of the human brain
have stereotyped _____.

A

connectivity.

53
Q

How do Neural precursors divide?

A

stereotypiclly

54
Q

what happens if a precursor cell is cut horazontially?

A

bottom stays as precursor.

the top goes to become a neuron or glia

55
Q

what happens if precursor cell is cut vertically?

A

both halfs stay as precursor cells.

Neuroscience Redemption (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions