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Music A Level > Development Of The Symphony > Flashcards

Development Of The Symphony Flashcards

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1
Q

1750s Orchestra

A
  • No trombone or tuba
  • No clarinet
  • No set number of instruments
  • Still had a basso continuo part filled in for others
  • Doubling
  • Brass instruments were crooked
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2
Q

Early Classical (1750-1780)

A
  • Harpsichord
  • Simple textures
  • Violins got the melody
  • Cadences defined by brass
  • Periodic (balanced) phrasing
  • Short works
  • Modulations to related keys
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3
Q

Late Classical (1780-1810)

A
  • No basso continuo part
  • Standardised orchestra
  • Clarinets used occasionally
  • Crooked brass
  • Mainly homophonic with periodic phrasing
  • More woodwind solos and antiphonal textures
  • Longer symphonies with modulations to unrelated keys
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4
Q

What were the inspirations for symphonies?

A

The Italian operas overture had a fast-slow-fast structure copied by symphony composers,
The French opera overtures had a slower start which became the introduction to the symphony

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5
Q

What were the first symphonies like?

A

They only had three movements, they had a fast-slow-fast structure, they were much shorter (10-20 minutes), they were written for a smaller orchestra

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6
Q

What were early symphonies sometimes called?

A

Sinfonia a8

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7
Q

Why were early symphonies called sinfonia a8?

A

They usually had strings (cello and bass shared a line), 4 woodwind instruments and a basso continuo part in them

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8
Q

What would the third movement of early symphonies be?

A

A minuet, a gigue or another popular dance

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9
Q

What technical developments did Johann Stamitz bring to the orchestra?

A

The Mannheim sigh, the Mannheim rocket, the Mannheim birds, the Mannheim climax, the Mannheim roller and the Mannheim crescendo

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10
Q

How did Johann Stamitz develop the symphony?

A

He regularly composed 4 movement symphonies, expanded the length of sonata form, he increased the orchestras size

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11
Q

What are the features of style Galant?

A
  • Lighter textures
  • Clear distinction between melody and harmony
  • Basic harmonies used
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12
Q

What is the first movement of a symphony usually like?

A
  • Allegro
  • Sonata form
  • Sometimes preceded by a slow introduction
  • In the tonic key
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13
Q

What were second movements of a symphony like?

A
  • Andante/adagio
  • In a different key to the tonic (usually still related)
  • Either ABA, theme and variation, or sonata form without development
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14
Q

What were third movements usually like?

A
  • Minuet and trio
  • Allegreto
  • In the tonic
  • Trio ‘gentler’ than minuet
  • In triple time (3/4)
  • ABA form
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15
Q

What were fourth movements usually like?

A
  • Allegro, presto or vivace
  • In the tonic key
  • Sonata form or rondo
  • Faster and lighter than the first movement
  • Folk-like themes
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16
Q

What are the features of sonata form?

A

An introduction (optional), exposition, development, recapitulation and coda

17
Q

What was the structure of the exposition?

A

The 1st subject is in the home key, then there’s the transition which takes a part of that subject and explores it in different keys before playing the 2nd subject in the dominant

18
Q

What happens in the development?

A

The parts of the original thematic material is developed and explored in different keys (related for early symphonies), usually ends with dominant preparation

19
Q

What happens in the recapitulation?

A

The same material in the exposition is played again but now all in the home key

20
Q

What part of sonata form is usually repeated?

A

The exposition

21
Q

What happened in the coda?

A

Repeated perfect cadences

22
Q

What is unusual about Stamitz Op3 No2?

A

Trumpets and timpanis are used

Oboes play the melody in 2nd movement

23
Q

What is the structure of Stamitz Op3 No2?

A
  • Galant Style

- Presto, and andantino, menuetto, prestissimo

24
Q

How do you work out the relative major/minor of a key?

A

Go down 3 semitones from the tonic

25
Q

Style Galant features?

A
  • Simple, diatonic material
  • Motivic repetition
  • Slow harmonic rate
  • Homophonic
  • Last movement begins with rising arpeggios
26
Q

Sturm and Drang features?

A
  • Minor key
  • Wide leaps
  • Diminshed 7th chords used
  • Tremelo in strings
  • Sudden dynamic changes
  • Syncopation
27
Q

Haydn 26 Key Facts

A
  • Written in 1767
  • It’s in D minor
  • Movement 1 is standard sturm and drang writing
  • Programmic
  • 2nd subject is in F major (relative major)
  • Horns only play in recapitulation (in D major)
  • Circle of fifths in development section
28
Q

Mozart Symphony No. 25 Key facts?

A
  • 4 Horns are crooked to different keys so they have a wider pitch range (two in G and two in B)
  • G minor
  • 2 oboes and 2 bassoons used
  • 2nd movement is in Eb major (relative major of the subdominant)
  • Prominent use of wind instruments
  • No strings in trio
29
Q

Empfinder Stil features?

A
  • Dynamic contrasts
  • Unexpected chromatic twists and turns
  • Energetic semiquavers
  • Sudden changes in texture and harmony
  • Appogiatura sigh used
  • Homophonic with periodic and melodic phrasing
30
Q

Empfinder Stil Key Facts?

A
  • Means sensitive style
  • Popular during the mid-18th century
  • Meant to provoke strong emotions
31
Q

Sturm and Drang Key Facts?

A
  • Means storm and stress

- Occurred between the late 1760s - early 1780s

32
Q

CPE Bach Symphony in E Minor Key Facts?

A
  • Empfinder stil
  • Composed in 1759
  • Only has 3 movements
  • 2nd movement is in G major (relative major)
  • Movement 1 and and 2 are played immediately after each other (attaca)
  • Movement 1 is in ritomello form
  • The 1st movement uses diminished 7th chords and changes to unexpected keys
  • Scored for strings, 2 oboes, 2 flutes and 2 horns
33
Q

Mozart Symphony No.41?

A

2 horns crooked to different keys
C major with 2nd mvt in F major (subdominant)
Mvt 4 the longest, unlike other symphonies
Sonata form in mvts 1, 2 (unusual) and 4
No clarinets
Mvt 4 is contrapuntal

34
Q

Symphony 41 finale?

A

5 themes used
Combined using mainly imitation
4th theme is combined with themes 2 and 3 from 1st subject group
Short development
1st subject in dominant key in development
Development ends with 2 bars of dominant prep
Recap - 1st subject played in tonic then in sequence (D major, E major, C major)
Very contrapuntal (very odd)

35
Q

Facts about Beethoven?

A

Wrote 9 symphonies
Born in Bonn in 1770
Died in Vienna in 1827

Music A Level (10 decks)

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