Development of the Heart and Great Vessels

Question 1

The heart tubes develop from what?

Answer 1

Lateral plate mesoderm of of the embryonic disc

Question 2

The cephalic and lateral folds of the embryonic disc results to form what?
(happens in 4th week)

Answer 2

A single primitive heart tube

Question 3

What happens in between week 5 and 8?

Answer 3

The primitive heart tube folds, remodels, septates resulting in seperation of pulmonary and systemic circulation

Question 4

How does the pulmonary and systemic circulation seperate?

Answer 4

When the primitive heart tube folds, remodels and septates

Question 5

What is vasculogenesis?

Answer 5

When arterial and venous system undergoes a complex remodelling process

Question 6

In normal person the aorta is on which side of the spine?

Answer 6

Left side

Question 7

The persistence of both primitive aortic arches results in what?

Answer 7

Vascular ring encircles both trachea and esophagus, potentially constricting both structures, can get dysphagia and shortness of breath

Question 8

Dextrocardia

Answer 8

Condition where heart is positioned on right side instead of the left

Question 9

Situs Inversus

Answer 9

Complete reversal of laterality of thoracic and abdominal contents- asymptomatic when concordance between thoracic and abdominal organs

Question 10

From top to bottom what are the structures in the heart tube on day 23?

Answer 10

Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Ventricle
Artrium
Sinus Venosus

Question 11

What does the sinus venosus form?

Answer 11

Forms the vena cava and becomes incorporated into the right atrium

Question 12

What develops from the left atrium?

Answer 12

Primitive pulmonary veins develop from the left atrium, become incorporated into left ventricle

Question 13

Failure of formation of atrial septa results in what defect?

Answer 13

Atrioseptal defect

Question 14

What divides the atria?

Answer 14

The septum primum and septum secundum

Question 15

What leads to patent foramen ovale (PFO)?

Answer 15

Failure of fusion of septum primum and secundum after birth

Question 16

Name two atrial septal defects?

Answer 16

Ostium secundum defects

Patent foramen ovale

Question 17

Failure of the formation of the endocardial cushions results in what?

Answer 17

Atrioventricular canal defect

Question 18

What does the formation of endocardial cushions do?

Answer 18

Divides the atrioventricular canal into right and left atrioventricular orifices

Question 19

Failure of formation of ventricular septum results in what defect?

Answer 19

Ventriculoseptal defect (VSD)

Question 20

Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of what defects?

Answer 20

Pulmonary stenosis
VSD (ventricular septal defect)
Overriding aorta
Right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 21

Failure of close of the ductus arteriosus results in what?

Answer 21

Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 22

The foramen ovale closes after birth to form what?

Answer 22

Fossa ovalis