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Anatomy Exam 2 > Development of the Genital System > Flashcards

Development of the Genital System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of mesoderm gives rise to the urogenital system? Describe the position and organization of the urogenital ridges

A

intermediate mesoderm

position: retroperitoneal

urogenital ridge has 2 portions

  1. nephrogenic cord (purple)
    1. lateral in postion
    2. develops first
  2. gonadal ridge (yellow)
    1. medial in postion
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2
Q

What is the origin of the primordial germ cells? Describe the migratory path PGCs take to reach the gonadal ridges

A

origin: yolk sac

path: begin migrating at week 4, arrive at ridges at week 6

  • from the yolk sac they travel thru umbilical cord thru dorsal mesentery of hind-gut to enter the gonadal ridge
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3
Q

Describe the general characteristics that male and female genital systems share during the “indifferent phase” of sexual development (weeks 1-6). What determines the genetic sex of an individual? What determines the phenotypic sex of an individual?

A

indifferent phase: week 1-6

both sets present

  • mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts (m)
  • paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts (f)

genetic sex: determined at conception via chromosomes

  • (SRY of “Y” chromosome)

phenotypic sex: determined by hormone secretion

  • testosterone

Note: no visible differences in male vs. female gonads/genital duct system/external genitalia until week 7

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4
Q

What are gonadal cord cells, and what role do they play in the development of the testes and ovaries?

A

defined: mesothelial cells or gonadal ridge = gonadal cord cells

Week 5:

  • Intermediate mesoderm thickens bilaterally,
  • forming the gonadal ridges
  • Mesothelium lining each gonadal ridge thickens (mesothelial cells = gonadal cord cells)
  • Cord cells form solid gonadal (cortical) cords that sink into underlying mesenchyme to “welcome” (envelop) PGCs

role: gonadal cord cells develop into

  • the caretakers of PGCs
    • sertoli cells(m)
    • follicular cells (f)
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5
Q

Describe the effects of TDF on the male genital system.

A

TDF (testes determining factor):

  • signals development of Leydig cells
    • from mesenchyme of gonadal ridge
  • signals gonadal cords to separate from cortex
    • extend into the medulla of testicles and form
      • seminiferous tubules
      • Rete testes

cord cells become sertoli cells under TDF

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6
Q

How do the mesonephric tubules contribute to the male genital duct system?

A

become efferent ductules

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7
Q

Describe the process of testicular descent and the formation of the spermatic cord. What is the gubernaculum?

A

testicular descent: weeks 26-32

  • descend anterior inferior
  • follow gubernaculum
    • ligament that attaches to inferior pole of testes on one end and labioscrotal swelling on other
    • pulls testes, ductus (vas) deferens and testicular vessels down thru the inguinal canal and eventually into the scrotal sac
    • testes pull internal spermatic fascia

spermatic cord: consists of

  • internal spermatic fascia
    • from transversalis facsia
  • cremasteric fascia
    • from internal oblique
  • external spermatic fascia
    • from external oblique

invagination of internal spermatic fascia is known as process vaginalis

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8
Q

Describe the role that the paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts play in the development of the female genital tract.

A

the cranial ends form the

  • uterine tubes

The caudal ends of the Müllerian ducts fuse to form

  • uterovaginal primordium
    • which will form the
      • uterus
      • superior portion of the vaginal canal
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9
Q

How is the urogenital sinus involved with the formation of the vagina?

A

it provides endothermal cells which give rise to vaginal plate which gives rise to the inferior portion of the vagina

The uterovaginal primordium comes into contact with the dorsal wall of the urogenital sinus and induces the formation of a pair of endodermal outgrowths

  • the sinovaginal bulbs.

These separate from the urogenital sinus and fuse with the uterovaginal primordium, forming a

  • vaginal plate (the inferior portion of the vagina).
    • The central endodermal cells of the plate degenerate, forming
      • the vaginal canal (inferior vagina)
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10
Q

What are the ligamentous derivatives of the gubernaculum in the female?

A
  • ovarian ligament
  • round ligament of the uterus (anchors into the labia majora)

gubernaculum is attached to inferior pole of gonad and the labiascrotal swell

interacts with the uterus and forms the above ligments

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11
Q

List the vestigial remnants of the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts in the male and female

A

male

  • appendix testes

female

  • epoophoron
  • paaophoron
  • gartner duct cyst
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12
Q

Compare and contrast the development of male and female external genitalia

A

both:

  • labial scrotal swelling as embryo
  • genital tubercle
  • urethral folds

males

  • genital tubercle: glans penis (head of penis)
    • Ectoderm-lined distal spongy urethra
  • labial scrotal swelling: the sac
  • urethral folds: shaft of penis (fold under ventrally and fuse)
    • endoderm-lined proximal spongy urethra

females

  • genital tubercle: the clit
  • labial scrotal swelling: unfused portions are labia majora
  • urethral folds : remain fused as labia minora
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13
Q

Describe the effects of testosterone on the male genital system. What cells produce testosterone?

A
  • Leydig cells (stromal CT cells) produce testosterone
  • testosterone produced during week 8
  • stimulates formation of male genital ducts (mesonephric duct and mesonephric tubules) and external genitalia
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14
Q

Describe the effects of MIH (MIF/MIS/AMH) on the male genital system. What cells produce the MIH?

A
  • Sertoli cells produces MIH (Müllerian-inhibiting hormone)
  • MIH causes Müllerian (Paramesonephric) ducts to degenerate
  • Müllerian Duct Remnant in males = Appendix Testis
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15
Q

What structures does the mesonephric duct rise to? What does the mesonephric tubules give rise to? what do the gonadal cords give rise to?

A

Mesonephric duct:

  • Epididymis (superior end)
  • Ductus (vas) deferens
  • Seminal Vesicle
  • Ejaculatory duct

Caudal ends of mesonephric ducts develop seminal vesicles + form the ejaculatory ducts

  • will open into prostatic urethra

Mesonephric tubules:

  • Efferent ductules

Gonadal cords:

  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Rete testes
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16
Q

What forms from caudal end of the mesonephric duct?

A
  • The seminal vesicle
  • ejaculatory duct
17
Q

What forms as endodermal outgrowths from the urogenital sinus in males

A
  • The prostate
  • bulbourethral glands
18
Q

intermediate mesoderm becomes…

A

retroperitoneal

urogential ridge

19
Q

Describe the following

  • Congenital inguinal hernia
  • Hydrocoele of the testes/spermatic cord
  • Cryptorchidism
A

Congenital inguinal hernia

  • Patent processus vaginalis

Hydrocoele of the testes/spermatic cord

  • Development of fluid-filled cysts

Cryptorchidism

  • Failure of the testes to descend
20
Q

Since females don’t have a “Y” chorosome that means…..

A

NO SRY

NO TDF

  • Stromal cells of the ovary develop from mesenchyme of gonadal ridge
  • Follicular cells (“caretakers” of PGCs) develop from gonadal cord cells
    • Surround the PGCs and form ovarian follicles
  • Mesonephric ducts regress
  • No MIH
21
Q

Describe the development of the ovaries

A

Step 1: Gonadal cords extend into underlying mesenchyme to envelop PGCs

(early fetal period)

Step 2:

  • Cortical cords break up into pieces
  • cord cells develop into flat follicular cells that surround each oogonium.
    • PGCs have matured slightly into oogonia at this point.
    • Months 3-7 oogonia become primary oocytes
22
Q

What do the caudal ends of Mullerian ducts form?

A
  • The caudal ends of the Müllerian ducts fuse to form the uterovaginal primordium:which will form
    • the uterus
    • superior portion of the vaginal canal.
23
Q

Describe the development of the uterus and the vagina

A

The uterovaginal primordium comes into contact with the dorsal wall of the urogenital sinus and induces the formation of a pair of endodermal outgrowths – **the sinovaginal bulbs. **

These separate from the urogenital sinus and fuse with the uterovaginal primordium, forming a vaginal plate (the inferior portion of the vagina). The central endodermal cells of the plate degenerate, forming the vaginal canal.

24
Q

In females the mullerian ducts form what?

What is derived from the urogenital sinus in females?

A

The Müllerian ducts will form th:e

  • uterine tubes
  • uterus
  • superior vagina

The inferior vagina is derived from the urogenital sinus

25
Q

Accessory glands of the female genital system develop as endodermal outgrowths from the_ ?_

What are the accesory glands of the female genital system?

A

outgrowths of the urogenital sinus

accessory glands:

  • greater vestibular glands
  • urethral glands
  • paraurethral gland

Anatomy Exam 2 (13 decks)

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