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Biology 3310 > Development of the Drosophila body plan > Flashcards

Development of the Drosophila body plan Flashcards

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1
Q

Ectoderm

A

Embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the epidermis and the nervous system

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2
Q

Mesoderm

A

Germ layer that gives rise to the skeleto-muscular system, connective tissues, the blood, and internal organs such as the kidney and heart

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3
Q

Endoderm

A

Embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the gut and associated organs, such as the lungs and liver in vertibrates

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4
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process in animal embryos in which prospective endodermal and mesodermal cells move from the outer surface of the embryo to the inside, where they give rise to internal organs

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5
Q

Morphagen

A

a substance whose spatial concentration varies, and which induces different structures at different concentrations

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6
Q

Antisence probe

A

a labelled modified nucleic acid sequence used as a complement to locate a specific DNA or RNA sequence

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7
Q

Protease

A

an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller amino acid chains via hydrolysis

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8
Q

Germ Plasm

A

cytoplasm in the drosophila cells that is involved in the specification of germ cells

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9
Q

Promoter

A

a region of DNA immediately preceding a coding region to which RNA polymerase binds to in order to begin transcription of the gene

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10
Q

In Situ Hybridization

A

Using labelled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids (probe) to localize a specific sequence of DNA or RNA in a portion or section of tissue

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11
Q

cDNA

A

double stranded DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA template in reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase

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12
Q

Blastoderm

A

a post-cleavage embryo composed of a solid layer of cells rather than a spherical blastula

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13
Q

Blastula

A

hollow ball of cells, composed of an epithelial layer of cells enclosing a fluid filled cavity (blastocoel)

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14
Q

Hybridization

A

The process by which single stranded DNA or RNA anneals to complementary DNA or RNA strands forming a double strand

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15
Q

Follicle Cells

A

somatic cells that surround the oocyte and nurse cells in the egg chamber during egg development

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16
Q

Pervitelline Space

A

space between the vitelline membrane lining the egg case and the egg plasma membrane in the fertilized eggs and early embryos of drosophila

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17
Q

Reporter Gene

A

A gene which known phenotype that is attached to another specific gene of interest in order to indicate weather that gene of interest has been taken up or expressed in that cell

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18
Q

Hybridization

A

The process by which single stranded DNA or RNA anneals to complementary DNA or RNA strands forming a double strand

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19
Q

Syncytium

A

A cell with many Nuclei in a common cytoplasm

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20
Q

Who first proposed Gradient controlling developmental axes?

A

Thomas Morgan, using the regeneration of annelid worms, found that the closer cut was to the anterior end the faster the head would regenerate. Simply put “head stuff diminishes posteriorly, tail stuff increases”

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21
Q

Who used an analogy of a mountain to demonstrate the effects of cytoplasmic gradients?

A

Leopold von Ubisch (1885-1965)

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22
Q

Who preformed the leaf hopper experiments and what were the results?

A

Klaus Sander (1960’s), found that:

  1. Removal of cytoplasm from anterior pole reduces head development
  2. Transferring of posterior cytoplasm to anterior pole reduces head development
  3. Transfer central cytoplasm to anterior pole reduces head development, but no less than 2
  4. Removal of anterior cytoplasm, and transfer of posterior has most severe effects
  5. Removal of posterior cytoplasm causes posterior defects
  6. Removal of central cytoplasm causes few defects
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23
Q

What did Klaus Sanders’ experiments suggest?

A

Two directive gradients exist, one from anterior, on from posterior and they inhibit one another

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24
Q

What are the 3 groups of maternal genes that define the initial anterior/posterior pattern in drosophila development?

A

Bicoid - effects anterior, Nanos - effects posterior,

Torso - effects terminal,

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25
Q

How were the Bicoid, Nanos, and Torso genes identified?

A

Loss of function Mutation

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26
Q

Loss of Function Mutation

A

systematically knocking out genes one by one and observing the phenotype

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27
Q

Northern Blots

A

Technique to study gene expression by detection of RNA or isolated mRNA in a sample

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28
Q

Western Blots

A

Technique to study gene expression by detection specific proteins in a sample

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29
Q

Name the Maternal posterior group genes

A

Nanos, Oskar, Pumilo, and Caudal

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30
Q

Which two genes define the posterior and anterior end?

A

Torso and Trunk

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31
Q

What kind of protein in Nanos?

A

RNA-binding protein which works with Pumillo protein to repress translation of hunchback

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32
Q

What is the protein product of Torso?

A

A receptor known as tyrosine kinase

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33
Q

Where is trunk secreted?

A

Into perivitelline space

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34
Q

What is the function of trunk?

A

A ligand for Torso receptor

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35
Q

What must first happend to truck in order for it be a ligand for Torso?

A

It must be cleaved into a trunk fragmant which acts a ligand for Torso

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36
Q

Where and from what type of cell is the protease for trunk cleavage located and how does that affect the activation of Torso?

A

Protease that cleaves trunk is secreted form the follicle cells adjacent to the anterior and posterior poles. Therefore Torso is only activated at the poles

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37
Q

What determines ventral identity of a cell?

A

Localization of dorsal protein to nucleus

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38
Q

What happens to loss-of function dorsal mutants?

A

They are dorsalized

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39
Q

Toll

A

Receptor for Spatzle, found throughout the perivitelline space

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40
Q

Spatzle

A

ligand for toll receptor that is activated in ventral side of perivitelline space

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41
Q

Gd

A

Gastrulation defective

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42
Q

Pipe

A

Heparan sulfate sulfontransferase

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43
Q

Nudel

A

A serine protease which cleaves Gd in the Spatzle/Toll chemical pathway

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44
Q

What cause the movement of Dorsal into the nuclei?

A

Activation of Toll receptor by Spatzle ligand

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45
Q

MTOC

A

microtubule organizing center, structure found in eurkaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge

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46
Q

Kinesin family Microtubule motor proteins

A

plus directed (away from MTOC)

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47
Q

Dynein family Microtubule motor proteins

A

minus directed (toward MTOC)

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48
Q

Germarium

A

reproductive structure in the adult female drosophila containing stem cells that give rise to a succession of egg chambers, each containing an oocyte

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49
Q

How is the Oocyte developed?

A

1 daughter of each stem cell in germarium undergoes 4x mitosis producing 16 cells connected by ring canals. These will become the 15 nurse cells and the 1 oocyte

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50
Q

Germline cyst

A

the 16-cell structure found in adult female drosophila that contains 15 nurse cells and 1 oocyte precursor, prior to meiosis

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51
Q

Ring canals

A

cyctoplasmic bridges between the cells of the Germline cyst

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52
Q

Which cell become the Occyte of the Germline cyst?

A

2 cells have 4 ring canals and are known as the pro-oocytes, both enter meiosis, accumulate centriloles and are arrested in prophase I. One becomes the oocyte and the other reverts to nurse cell fate

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53
Q

PAR-1

A

serine theronine kinase, important in cell assymetry in C.elegans, vertebrates and fission yeast. Also required for specification of oocyte, through direction of microtubules. Keeps PAR-6(cherry) and PAR-3(Bazooka) from posterior end of oocyte. Is also correlated with lack of Microtubule nucleation

54
Q

Somatic cell

A

any cell in a living organism other than the reproductive cells

55
Q

Which cells secrete the vitelline envelope or egg shell?

A

Follicle cells

56
Q

Are all the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte the same?

A

No, they are organized into different populations to signal differently to the oocyte (e.g. trunk and spatzle cleavage)

57
Q

Endoreduplication

A

replication of nuclear genome without cell division resulting in polyploid.

58
Q

What functions do nurse cells perform to support the oocyte?

A

Produce proteins and RNAs for the oocyte

59
Q

How are proteins and RNAs transported from the nurse cells to the oocyte?

A

via microtubules through the ring canals

60
Q

Where is the nucleus located in the Oocyte?

A

Posterior end of the oocyte

61
Q

What defines oocyte as different from nurse cells?

A

PAR-1 is localized to fusomes, ring canals, and asymmetrically localized in follicle cells

62
Q

Fusome

A

intercellular connective opening in various tissues with a common synchnonous development

63
Q

GFP

A

Green Fluorescent protein frequently used as a reporter label

64
Q

How is Anterior/Posterior polarity of the egg chambers established?

A

Signalling from older to younger egg chambers

65
Q

Notch-Delta signaling pathway

A

binding of Delta ligand to Notch receptor causes intracellular domain to detach, enter nucleus and activate gene transcription

66
Q

What signal steps establish the Anterior/Posterior polarity?

A
  1. Germline cyst signals to follicle cells via Delta-Notch - Signal defines follicle cells as anterior polar follicle cells
  2. Anterior signal from adjacent follicle cells induces stalk
  3. Stalk signals to oocyte and posterior follicle cells to express E-cadherin
67
Q

JAK

A

Janus kinases that phosphorylate each other, allowing STAT to bind, and then phosphorylate STAT

68
Q

STAT

A

Signal transducer and activator of transcription protein the enters the nucleus once it is phosphorylated by JAK`

69
Q

JAK-STAT signaling pathway

A
  1. Unpaired binds to Dome receptor which associates with JAK
  2. JAK kinases phosphorylate each other, allowing STAT to bind, and then phosphorylate STAT
  3. STAT enters nucleus and activates transcription
70
Q

Dome

A

Receptor for Unpaired ligand in JAK-STAT pathway

71
Q

Cadherin

A

Calcium-dependent adhesion trans-membrane protein. Cadherins on adjacent cells cause cell-cell adhesion in presence of Ca+2. Cause oocyte to adhere to posterior follicle cells

72
Q

Gurken

A

Trasforming growth factor, Ligand secreted in the posterior side of oocyte membrane to bind to Torpedo receptor

73
Q

Torpedo

A

Receptor for Gurken ligand on surface of follicle cells on posterior end of oocyte.

74
Q

Gurken Torpedo Pathway

A
  1. Gurken from oocyte activates Torpedo on posterior Follicle cells
  2. Follicle cells send a signal back to oocyte (possibly using PAR-1) causing it to disassemble and reorganize microtubules
  3. Gurken mRNA and protein are take to the dorsal anterior pole of the oocyte (dynein)
75
Q

What complexes are involved in various types of cell polarity?

A

PAR-1, PAR-3, PAR-6, aPKC

76
Q

Bazooka

A

PAR-3 complex involve din various types of cell polarity. Keeps PAR-1 from anterior and is correlated with Microtubule nucleation

77
Q

What would you tend to see in Bazooka mutants?

A
  1. Kinesin not localized to the posterior
  2. Microtubules nucleated throughout oocyte
  3. PAR-1 is not restricted to posterior
78
Q

Nucleated

A

Form a central area

79
Q

What would you tend to see in PAR-1 mutants?

A

PAR-6(cherry) and PAR-3(Bazooka) not excluded from the posterior end of oocyte

80
Q

PAR

A

Partitioning proteins required for the correct positioning and orientation of mitotic spindles in the early cleavages to ensure division at the required place in the cell and in the required plane

81
Q

How does PAR-1 inhibit PAR-3?

A

PAR-1 phosphorylates PAR-3, destabilizing PAR-3/PAR-6/aPKC complex so that the complex is only present in the anterior

82
Q

How is PAR-1 affected by aPKC?

A

aPKC phosphorylates PAR-1 restricting its localization to posterior end of oocyte where it destabilizes microtubules through phosphorylation of microtubule interacting proteins

83
Q

aPKC

A

atypical protein kinase C

84
Q

Ectopic

A

in an abnormal place or position

85
Q

Cortical Microtubules

A

Microtubules located on the inner surface of the plasma membrane

86
Q

Within the Oocyte where is Bicoid localized?

A

Anterior end via dynein (minus) microtubules

87
Q

Within the Oocyte where is Oskar localized?

A

Posterior end via kinesin (plus) microtubules

88
Q

Within the Oocyte where is gurken localized?

A

Dorsal Anterior via dynein (minus) microtubules

89
Q

What is the major effect of Dorsal moving into the nuclei?

A

Generates a gradient of nuclear localized dorsal along the Dorsal/ventral axis

90
Q

Aminoserosa

A

extra-embryonic membrane

91
Q

Dorsal ectoderm

A

Dorsal epidermis

92
Q

Mesectoderm

A

Tissue that gives rise to both ectoderm and mesoderm

93
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

Embryonic ectoderm with the potential to from neural cells

94
Q

What major effect does the nuclear localized dorsal gradient have?

A

Results in differential activation of zygotic gens along dorsal/ventral axis

95
Q

Which genes are repressed by Dorsal?

A

Zerknullt, Dpp and Tolloid

96
Q

Which genes are activated by Dorsal?

A

Snail, Twist, Rhomboid

97
Q

Snail

A

Positively Regulated by Dorsal and twist

98
Q

Rhomboid

A

Positively Regulated by dorsal and negatively regulated by twist

99
Q

Dpp

A

Negatively Regulated by Dorsal (requires co-repressor)

100
Q

Zerknullt

A

Negatively Regulated by Dorsal (requires co-repressor)

101
Q

Transposon

A

A DNA sequence that can become inserted into a different site on the chromosome, either by the insertion of a copy of the original sequence or by excision and reinsertion of the original sequence.

102
Q

Defective P-element

A

Transposon with no transposase

103
Q

Helper P-element

A

Transposon with transposase but cannot insert

104
Q

EMSA

A

Electrophoretic mobility shift assay is a procedure that can determine if a protein or mixture of proteins is capable of binding to a given DNA or RNA sequence, and can sometimes indicate if more than one protein molecule is involved in the binding complex

105
Q

DNasel Footprinting

A

technique from molecular biology/biochemistry that detects DNA-protein interaction using the fact that a protein bound to DNA will often protect that DNA from enzymatic cleavage. This makes it possible to locate a protein binding site on a particular DNA molecule

106
Q

That is the result of Dorsal localization Thresholds?

A

Thresholds of dorsal localization result in specific zygotic gene expression

107
Q

What is the result if Dorsal were localized in all the nuclei?

A

Ventralization of the embryo

108
Q

Dpp

A

Decapentaplegic

109
Q

What is the homolog of Dpp in Vertebrates?

A

Bone morphogenic protein BMP-4

110
Q

Homolog

A

A gene related to a second gene by descent from a common ancestral DNA sequence

111
Q

In which region is a Dpp morphogenic gradient established?

A

Expressed uniformily in the dorsal cells

112
Q

Which are receptors of Dpp?

A

Saxophone, thick veins, and punt

113
Q

What interaction restricts Dpp activity to the dorsal-most cells?

A

Supression by Sog protein in the non-dorsal cells

114
Q

How does Sog cause repression of Dpp?

A

Sog reduces affinity of dpp for its receptor, saxophone

115
Q

How is Sog activated?

A

low levels of Dorsal

116
Q

Tolloid

A

Metalloprotease that is expressed with Dpp that degrades Sog and Tsg thus releasing Dpp

117
Q

How do Sog and Tsg act on Dpp?

A

The bind to Dpp preventing its activity

118
Q

Heterodimer

A

Macromolecular complex formed by two different proteins

119
Q

Homodimer

A

Macromolecular complex formed by two identical proteins

120
Q

Which protein forms a Heterodimer with Dpp?

A

Screw, secreted everywhere. This heterodimer creates a stronger cellular response following interaction with Saxophone than homodimers

121
Q

What is the homolog for Screw in vertebrates?

A

Bone morphogenic protein BMP-7

122
Q

What is the homolog for Tolloid in vertebrates?

A

Bone morphogenic protein BMP-1

123
Q

What is the homolog for Sog in vertebrates?

A

Chordin

124
Q

Who proposed that the ventral side of anthropods was homologous to the dorsal side of vertebrates?

A

Geoffry Saint-Hilaire (1815)

125
Q

To which gradient is hunchback correlated?

A

Bicoid gradient

126
Q

Immunoprecipitation

A

technique of precipitating a protein antigen out of solution using an antibody that specifically binds to that particular protein

127
Q

How many Bicoid binding sites have been established? What technique was used to establish them?

A

5 bicoid binding sites found using DNasel footprinting

128
Q

ChIP

A

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, a procedure used to determine whether a given protein binds to or is localized to a specific DNA sequence in vivo

129
Q

What are the steps to ChIP?

A
  1. DNA is cross-linked to proteins in vivo
  2. DNA is cut by sonication
  3. Antibody specific to protein is added
  4. DNA bound to protein precipitates on beads`
  5. DNA purified and identified
130
Q

Hopscotch

A

the single JAK on the cytoplasmic side of the JAK-STAT pathway

Biology 3310 (4 decks)

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