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Embryology > Development of Skelton and Muscles > Flashcards

Development of Skelton and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Bones of the face.

A

Viscerocranium

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2
Q

Bones protecting the brain.

A

Neurocranium

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3
Q

Skeleton develops from…

A

Paraxial mesoderm= bones of face, skull and vertebra
Neural crest cells= bones of face and skull
Lateral plate (parietal) mesoderm= sternum, pelvic and shoulder girdles, limbs

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4
Q

Somites and somitomeres arise from…

A

paraxial mesoderm

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5
Q

Somites differentiate into…

A

Sclerotome, myotome, dermatome

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6
Q

Cells of sclerotome are mesenchymal that become…

A

fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts

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7
Q

Intramembranous ossification process

A

Mesenchymal cells- osteoblasts- ossification center- osteoid secreted- calcification

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8
Q

Endochondral ossification process

A

Mesenchymal cells- hyaline cartilage- ossification center-

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9
Q

Neurocranium formed from both intramembranous and endochondral ossification. What do each form?

A

Intramembranous= flat skull bones
Endochondral= basal skull bones ie sphenoid, ethmoid

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10
Q

Name the fontanelles and what they become.

A

Anterior- Bregma
posterior- Lambda
posterolateral/mastoid- Asterion
anterolateral/sphenoidal- Pterion

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11
Q

When do each fontanelle close?

A

Posterior- 1-2 months old
anterolateral/sphenoidal- 6 months old
posterolateral/mastoid- Between 6 months and 18 months old
Anterior- 18 months old

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12
Q

First two pharyngeal arches form…

A

viscerocranium

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13
Q

Where do pharyngeal arches originate from?

A

Paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm and neural crest cells

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14
Q

What does the Meckel cartilage give rise to?

A

Malleus and incus

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15
Q

What do the pharyngeal arches give rise to?

A

First=Maxilla, zygomatic and part of temporal bone. Mandible
Second= hyoid, Stapes, Styloid process and stylohyoid ligament

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16
Q

Clinical Condition: Skull never forms leaving brain tissue exposed

A

Anencephaly

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17
Q

Clinical Condition: Small head due to brain failed to grow to normal size. Often from alcohol durring gestation.

A

Microcephaly

18
Q

Clinical Condition: Early closure of cranial sutures.

A

Craniosynostosis

19
Q

Clinical Condition: Early closure of sagittal suture

A

Scaphocephaly

20
Q

Clinical Condition: Early closer of both coronal sutures

A

Brachycephaly

21
Q

Clinical Condition: Early closure of coronal suture on one side.

A

Plagiocephaly

22
Q

Caudal and cranial somites combining, myotomes bridging the intervertebral discs=

A

Resegmentation processes

23
Q

Primary and secondary spinal curvatures

A

Primary= Thoracic and sacral
Secondary= cervical and lumbar

24
Q

When do limb buds form?

A

4th week/1 month

25
Q

What do limb buds consist of?

A

Mesenchymal core and ectodermal covering

26
Q

Apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

A

Terminal end of limb bud. Send signal to prevent differentiating to allow elongation.

27
Q

Stylopod=

A

humerus and femer

28
Q

Zeugopod=

A

radius/ulna tibia/fibula

29
Q

Autopod=

A

carpals, metacarpals, tarsals, metatarsals

30
Q

Schematic of human hands occurs due to programed cell death. What are the two areas and times in which this happens?

A

48 days= cell death in plate creates separate ridges for digits
51 days= cell death in interdigital spaces produce separation of digits

31
Q

Where does skeletal muscle arise from?

A

paraxial myotome

32
Q

Where does cardiac muscle arise from?

A

visceral and splanchnic mesoderm

33
Q

Where does smooth muscle differentiate from?

A

Visceral/ splanchnic mesoderm, ectoderm, and neural crest cells.

34
Q

Head muscles are derived from?

A

somitomeres

35
Q

Head muscles are derived from, where skeletal muscles are derived from…

A

somitomeres
somites

36
Q

What are myofibrils made of?

A

Actin and myosin

37
Q

When do cross-striations appear in myofibrils?

A

End of 3rd month

38
Q

Purkinje fibers are modified myoblasts? T or F

A

True

39
Q

Name the only structures derived from the ectoderm.

A

Sphincter and dilator muscles of pupil
muscle tissue in mammary and sweat glands

40
Q

Smooth muscle development can be organized into what three categories?

A

Dorsal aorta/large arteries
Coronary arteries
Gut and its derivatives

41
Q

Clinical Condition: Pectoralis minor and par of major are missing (on left side)

A

Poland sequence

42
Q

Clinical Condition: Partial or complete absence of abdominal musculature.
Can also have urinary bladder or urethral malformation.

A

Prune belly syndrome

Embryology (3 decks)

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