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MD3001 Week 8 > Development of Respiratory System > Flashcards

Development of Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What develops in the ectoderm?

A

Neural groove

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2
Q

What are the tips of the neural groove called?

A

Neural crest

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3
Q

What happens when the neural groove is developing?

A

The lateral plate mesoderm will divide into the parietal and visceral mesoderm which becomes the serious membranes

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4
Q

What does the parietal layer form?

A

Body walls

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5
Q

What does the visceral layer form?

A

Surround the organs

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6
Q

What does the parietal layer do in relation to the ectoderm?

A

Starts to merge

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7
Q

What two things occur when the parietal layer merges with the ectoderm?

A

Primitive yolk sac becomes pinched and this will develop into the digestive tract. The visceral layer of the lateral plate mesoderm will envelope the future gut tube

The leading edge of the ectoderm and the parietal layer of the lateral plate mesoderm will move antero-medially

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8
Q

What does the eventual connection between the gut tube and secondary yolk form?

A

Vitelline duct

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9
Q

What structures are present once the parietal layer fully fuses with the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

A cavity (coelom) which will become the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity

A body wall made out of a surface ectoderm and parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm deep to it

The gut tube, suspended by visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm

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10
Q

Pericardio-peritoneal canals

A

Lecture

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11
Q

What happens when the embryo is about 4 weeks old?

A

In the cervical portion of the gut tube, in the ventral midline, the respiratory diverticulum starts to appear

The respiratory diverticulum expands ventrally and towards the chest, in front of the gut tube

Tracheo-oesophageal ridged grow towards each other and separate the RD from the gut tube

The diverticulum bifurcates into two branches

Terminal ends of these dilations are called lung buds

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12
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches begin to develop?

A

Week 4-5

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13
Q

What separates the pharyngeal arches?

A

Pharyngeal clefts

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14
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there?

A

5

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15
Q

What does each pharyngeal arch have?

A

Cartilaginous element

An aortic arch

Cranial nerve

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16
Q

Where is the gut tube and RD still connected?

A

Laryngeal orifice

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17
Q

What will the upper end of the respiratory diverticulum form?

A

Larynx

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18
Q

What does the middle section of respiratory diverticulum form?

A

Trachea

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19
Q

What will the lower end of the respiratory diverticulum form?

A

Tertiary bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

20
Q

What does the respiratory diverticulum develop from?

A

Endoderm and surrounded by the visceral layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

21
Q

What is the only part of the respiratory system that is derived from the endoderm?

A

Epithelium

22
Q

What structures of the respiratory system are derived from mesoderm?

A

Cartilage

Trachealis muscle

23
Q

What does the bronchial tree do when it grows?

A

Pushes the visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm

24
Q

What stages do the lungs develop in?

A

Pseudoglandular

Canalicular

Terminal saccular

Alveolar

25
Q

What stages in lung development are incompatible with gas exchange?

A

Pseudoglandular

Canalicular

26
Q

What are the four sources of diaphragm origin?

A

Pleura-peritoneal folds

Septum transversum

Mesentery of the oesophagus

Muscular in-growth from the body wall

27
Q

What forms the central tendon of the diaphragm?

A

Septum transversum

28
Q

What does the septum transversum contain?

A

Myoblasts from somites C3,4,5

29
Q

What does failure in normal development of any sources of the diaphragm lead to?

A

Diaphragmatic hernia

30
Q

What occurs 90% of the time in babies with congenital anomalies of the trachea?

A

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula

Communication between the trachea and oesophagus

Accompanied by oesophageal atresia

31
Q

What happens if the trachea-oesophageal fistula allows passage from the oesophagus into the trachea?

A

When feeding, milk will enter and cause chocking possible development of pneumonitis and pneumonia

Also possible of retrograde passage of gastric acid

32
Q

What is oesophageal atresia?

A

When the two ends of the oesophagus don’t meet, stopping the transport of food

33
Q

What is a diaphragmatic hernia?

A

When the diaphragm fails to close during prenatal development, and the contents from the abdomen (stomach, intestines and/or liver) migrate into the chest through this hole

34
Q

What is respiraotyr distress syndrome?

A

Insufficient surfactant results in the collapse of the alveolar wall during expiration

Deficiency of surfactant secretion results in respiratory distress syndrome

35
Q

How we treat respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Glucocorticoids

36
Q

At what level does the trachea-oesophageal ridge form on the gut tube?

A

Foregut

37
Q

What are the different pharyngeal arches?

A

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

6th

38
Q

What are the two swellings found on the anterior walls of the pharyngeal arches?

A

Laryngeal swellings

Epiglottal swelling

39
Q

Where does septum transversum grow from?

A

Anteriorly

40
Q

Where does the pleuroperitoneal fold grow from?

A

Posteriorly

41
Q

What is a fistula?

A

When part of the oesophagus either attaches or opens up into the trachea

42
Q

What are the different types of hernias?

A

Bochdalek hernia

Morgagni hernia

Central hernia

43
Q

What causes a Bochdalex hernia?

A

Posterolateral defect in fusion of pleura-peritoneal folds

44
Q

What causes a Morgagni hernia?

A

Failure in the development in septum transversum

45
Q

What causes a central hernia?

A

Defect on central tendon

46
Q

What hernia is most common?

A

Bochdalek hernia

MD3001 Week 8 (7 decks)

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