Development of neurotransmitters Flashcards

(28 cards)

1
Q

What 3 things does the nervous system vary in?

A

1) Types of cells
2) Chemical properties
3) Electrical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is variation in the nervous system important?

A
  • Important to build complex circuits which can be optimised to do particular jobs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is the spinal cord different to the neural tube?

A
  • Looks different

- Multiple layers, which have migrated away from the developing neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where do afferents from the DRG target in the spinal cord?

A

Different layers, depending upon what the input it (eg. pain, touch, proprioception)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What specifies where neurons will be born in the layers of the spinal cord?

A

A 2-dimensional grid made from the A-P and the D-V axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do TFs specify?

A

Neural cell types which emerge at particular positions and developmental stages - by regulating transcription of other genes in these cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What defines a specific neuronal subtype?

A

TF combinations expressed by the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the evidence that BMPs and Wnts are involved in D-V patterning?

A

Loss of GDF7 leads to the loss of D1A neurons, but NOT D1B neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens if Wnt signalling is enhanced?

A

Dorsal gene expression domain expanded ventrally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens if Wnt signalling is reduced?

A

Ventral gene expression domain is expanded dorsally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does changing Wnt expression interfere with?

A

Patterning/fate but NOT differentiation (neurons are still produced - BMP antagonists)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to neural identity over time?

A

It changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What helps to set up interneuron domain BOUNDARIES?

A

CROSS-REPRESSION between transcription factors:

  • TF promote gene expression in their target and repress TF which would have defined a neighbouring region
  • Forms ‘striped domains’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does TF cross-antagonism refine?

A

The pattern laid down by BMP/Wnt/Shh signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are neuronal subtypes different to each other?

A
  • Express different neurotransmitters
  • Different migratory pathways
  • Different receptors
  • Different axonal projections
  • Different circuit integration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which dorsal neurons end up in the ventral horn?

17
Q

How is migration of neurons different in the cortex to in the spinal cord?

A

In the cortex - linear migrations

In the spinal cord - many migratory pathways cross over

18
Q

How do migratory maps of neurons differe?

A

Differ at different rostro-caudal positions

19
Q

What happens to neurons post mitotically?

A
  • Specification
  • Maturation
  • NT expression
  • NT receptor expression
  • Dendrite axon extension
  • Circuit assembly
20
Q

What encodes the FEATURES of an axon? (NT, dendrites, receptors etc)

A

TF expressed in the cell when it reaches a post mitotic state

21
Q

What encodes the FUNCTION/INNERVATION of an axon?

A

Where they are born

22
Q

What is the difference between DiLa and DiLb neurons in the spinal cord and in the hindbrain? (at the same position in the dorsal horn)

A

In the spinal cord - form 2nd order neurons

In the hindbrain - innervate the trigeminal nucleus

23
Q

What determines if the neuron is inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Expression of different transcription factors (different genes switched on)

24
Q

Out of DiLA and DiLB neurons, which are excitatory?

25
Out of DiLA and DiLB neurons, which are inhibitory?
DiLA
26
What determines what neurotransmitter is expressed in an inhibitory/excitatory neuron?
Different transcription factors expressed in each neuron
27
How are circuits made with neurons?
TF expression drives migration and maturation TF in specific patterns induce different neurotransmitter phenotypes in different neurons AS A RESULT: - Get SPECIFIC neurons in SPECIFIC places with SPECIFIC features - Can connect to the targets that they need to (they are in the right place, with the right receptors, with the right NT) (pre-programmed)
28
Where are motor neurons in the spinal cord?
In the ventral horn