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Embryology TT > Development of gut > Flashcards

Development of gut Flashcards

1
Q

tissues of early gut development

A

endoderm forms lining of gut tube
surrounded by splanchnic mesoderm
as the endoderm forms a tube, the amnion folds down around the embryo

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2
Q

amniotic sac in folding

A

extends beneath the embryo
anterior edges fuse forming the body (intraembryonic) cavity, embryo becomes fully surrounded
vitelline duct connects down to yolk sac

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3
Q

attachment of the endodermal gut tube

A

attached to the dorsal body wall by the dorsal mesentery

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4
Q

mesoderm surrounding structures

A

gut tube surrounded by splanchnopleuric (visceral) mesoderm and body wall is covered by somatopleuric (parietal) mesoderm

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5
Q

foregut derivatives

A

stomach
buds for liver and pancreas
part of duodenum

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6
Q

midgut derivatives

A

mostly small bowel, into ascending and transverse colons

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7
Q

hindgut derivatives

A

last part of colon and rectum

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8
Q

what patterns body segment

A

hox genes and transcription regulators

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9
Q

location of lung buds from foregut

A

caudal to pharyngeal arches

single midline bud from the anterior gut tube

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10
Q

signalling molecules in lung bud development

A

local up regulation of TF nkx2 initiates lung bud

outgrowth dependent on fgf10

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11
Q

foregut blood supply

A

celiac artery

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12
Q

ventral mesentery structure

A

attachment of organs to the ventral body wall
divided into 2 by the developing liver
part between stomach and liver = lesser omentum
part between liver and anterior abdominal wall = falciform ligament

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13
Q

stomach development stages

A

one of the first parts to show differential growth

forms a fusiform structure in week 4 and then rotates

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14
Q

stomach rotation

A

left side becomes more anterior and then grows at a faster rate
second rotation causes the pyloric (caudal) region to move to the right and the oesophagus to the left

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15
Q

formation of the lesser sac

A

ventral mesentery forms a pocket behind the stomach

continuous with the abdominal cavity through the epiploic foramen

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16
Q

formation of the greater omentum

A

dorsal mesentery bulges out into the abdomen, two sides fuse to forma. sheet of mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach and to the transverse colon, called the greater omentum

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17
Q

pyloric stenosis condition

A

hypertrophy of circular muscle that surrounds the pyloris (sphincter at base of stomach), can cause projectile vomiting

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18
Q

initiation of liver formation

A

fgf signals involved
hepatic bud from midpoint of descending duodenum
4th week, hepatic diverticulum arises from the foregut-midgut junction

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19
Q

branching of hepatic diverticulum

A 
hepatic bud (forms liver)
cystic bud (forms gall bladder)
20
Q

anchoring of liver to ventral body wall

A

falciform ligament from the ventral mesentery

21
Q

growth of liver

A

grows rapidly, at 10th week is about 15% body weight

bile production then begins, liver has early haematopoietic role

22
Q

spleen development

A

develops next to the pancreas within the dorsal mesentery, not directly associated with gut tube
only from mesoderm!!

23
Q

midgut derivatives

A

inferior duodenum, jejunum and ileum, caecum and vermiform appendix, ascending and proximal 2/3 transverse colon

24
Q

midgut blood supply

A

superior mesenteric artery

25
gut tube asymmetry
shows L/R asymmetry complete inversion = situs inversus partial inversion = heterotaxia cilia in the node generate L/R symmetry
26
midgut growth and rotation stages
- week 6, well proliferation in midgut causes increased growth and rotation - axis of rotation is around the superior mesenteric artery - midgut first rotates 90 degrees anticlockwise - midgut growth is so excessive that it outgrows the coelomic cavity - midgut herniates out into he umbilicus - small intestine undergoes rapid elongation to form jejunal/filial folds - caecum sprouts an appendix
27
final midgut formation stages
herniated midgut retracts into the abdominal cavity rotates a further 180 degrees anticlockwise caecum descends to lie into the right iliac fossa
28
total midgut rotation
270 degree anticlockwise rotation
29
failure of bowel to retract back
omphalocele
30
merkels diverticulum
abnormal remnant of vitelline duct | 2% live births, 2 inch diverticulum, 2 feet from caecum
31
hindgut derivatives
distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, superior part of anal canal
32
hindgut blood supply
inferior mesenteric artery
33
hindgut rotation
mostly secondary to rotation of midgut | Both ascending and descending colon become pushed to posterior abdominal wall and fuse with it, becoming retroperitoneal
34
opening at end of hindgut
early development = gut and urogenital system open through a common opening = cloaca at caudal end cloaca partitioned by the urorectal septum allantois branches off the cloaca cloacal membrane ruptures at the end off 8th week
35
neural crest cells and gut development
migrate to the developing gut to form the enteric nervous system GDNF promotes survival and proliferation
36
abnormal nerval crest migration causes
hirschsprungs disease congenital megacolon failure of migration so lack of nervous system aganglionic non-functioning colon
37
membranes either end of gut tube
buccopharyngeal and anal membranes
38
importance of EMT
lead to region specific differentiation and morphogenesis of gut wall
39
septum transversum formation
- bar of mesoderm lying rostral to the cardiogenic region - carried ventrally so becomes wedged between the cardiogenic region and the neck of the yolk sac - forms initial partition and separates the primitive body cavity
40
septum transversum attachments
anterior body wall = T7 lateral body wall oesophageal mesentery = T12
41
pericardioperitoneal canals
two spaces ar dorsolateral edges of the septum transversum
42
hiatus hernia
upper part of the stomach enters the thoracic cavity, through opening where oesophagus passes through occurs later in life (not congenital)
43
congenital diaphragm hernia
failure of closure of the pericardioperitoneal canals, viscera enters the thoracic cavity
44
pancreas development
from two buds that arise from the duodenal part of foregut | dorsal and ventral pancreatic bud
45
fates of the dorsal and ventral bud
each joins with the foregut through a duct dorsal = neck, body, tail ventral = head and uncinate process
46
final pancreas development
rotation of ventral bud and fusion ventral duct moves with rotation of the duodenum, becomes below the larger dorsal bud ducts of either bud fuse to form the main pancreatic duct
47
annular pancreas condition
second part of the duodenum is surrounded by a ring of pancreatic tissue continuous with the head of the pancreas can constrict the duodenum caused when the ventral bud is formed of two lobes, which migrate around the duodenum in different directions to fuse with the dorsal bud

Embryology TT (5 decks)

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