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Embryology TT > Cardiovascular development > Flashcards

Cardiovascular development Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cardiac crescent?

A

mesoderm migrates rostrally and laterally, forming the left and right heart fields either side of the primitive streak
migrate and join to form the cardiac crescent, become cardiac progenitor cells

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2
Q

what does the cardiac crescent create

A

first heart field, second heart field and head fold

receives signals from the overall ectoderm to make cardiac mesoderm

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3
Q

what do the first cardiac progenitor cells produce

A

angiogenic cell clusters coalesce to form endocardial tubes

forms basis for the heart chambers

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4
Q

what happens following the formation of the endocardial tubes

A

left and right tubes fuse at the midline with rostral folding
when fused, initially connected to foregut and endoderm then the connection breaks down

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5
Q

how do the endocardial tubes form from the cardiac crescent

A

vascular elements

formed through vasculogenesis, with vascular endothelial GF

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6
Q

what do the endocardial tubes give rise to

A

once fused, form the primitive heart tube surrounded by cardiac myocytes

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7
Q

tissues within the early heart tube

A

becomes endothelium surrounded by a mass of splanchnic mesoderm
cardiomyoctes progenitors invade the endocardial tube which will form myocardium

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8
Q

what is cardiac jelly?

A

thick layer of ECM surrounding the early heart tube

space in which cells can migrate into, will eventually form the epicardium

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9
Q

parts of primitive heart tube

A 
sinus venosus (base)
primitive atrium 
primitive ventricle 
bulbus cordis 
truncus arteriousus (top)
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10
Q

sinus venosus forms

A

L/R sinus horns, atria

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11
Q

primitive atrium forms

A

L ventricle, separated by AV sulcus

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12
Q

bulbus cordis forms

A

mostly RV

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13
Q

outflow tract forms

A

aorta and PA

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14
Q

attachment of the primitive heart tube

A

originally suspended int he cavity by the dorsal mesocardium, then ruptures allowing the heart to grow and change shape

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15
Q

when does contractile activity begin

A

before linear heart tube formation

day 18, calcium waves visible before striations

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16
Q

venous drainage of linear heart tube

A

3 pairs of vessels on the left and right sides of the embryo, all drain into the sinus venosus
vitelline veins drain yolk sac
cardinal veins drain body
umbilical veins drain placetna

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17
Q

cells of linear heart tube

A

initially just endothelial, then surrounded by mesoderm = myocardium, secrete ECM
separates myocardium from endocardium
rich in hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans
outer surface = epicardium

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18
Q

what is cardiac looping + day

A

day 23-28

4 presumptive chambers brought into correct spatial relationships

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19
Q

how does folding occur?

A

folding is an intrinsic property of heart tubes

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20
Q

how does looping affect blood flow

A

change in blood flow through the heart, first morphological sign of L/R assywmety in embryo

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21
Q

how does the heart shape change

A

rapid proliferation of cells at different rates

elongate and bend into C shape, then S

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22
Q

movement of different regions

A

bulbus cords = caudal, ventral, right (for RV)
primitive ventricle = left (for LV)
primitive atrium = dorsal and cranial
truncus arteriosus remains cranial (with conus cordis from bulbus) to form outflow tract

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23
Q

movement of blood vessels with looping

A

cranial ends of dorsal aorta pulled ventrally, form first aortic arch and then form 4 more
dorsal aortae fuse to form a single midline dorsal aorta
venous system redevelops, all blood enters the sinus horn via the superior and inferior venae cavae

24
Q

what occurs in separation

A

week 4-7
separation of common atria and ventricles
division off the outflow tract

25
why do endocardial cushions form
ECM secreted between the endo and mesocardium, so endocardium balloons into the tube some endocardial cells undergo EMT so become mesenchymal masses also invaded by neural crest
26
where do the cushions form
grow into the common AV canal superior and inferior cushions grow and by 5the week ha er fused leaving 2 separate AV canals lateral cushions also form
27
first stage of atrial septation
crescent shaped septum primum grows down from the roof of the common atrium and extends towards cushions as it grows, space behind is the ostium primum
28
what occurs when the septum primum fuses with cushions
cells in septum die, forming holes within the body of the septum that fuse into a single opening = ostium secondum (ostium primum closes)
29
what follows the septum primum
the thick, muscular septum secondum grows down on the right side of the septum primum doesn't fuse with cushions space behind septum = foramen ovale
30
what does the foramen ovale form
foramen ovale and ostium secondum form a shunt between the atria two openings don't line up directly, so septum second acts as a valve (can be pushed by force of blood and then collapses back)
31
what does the foramen ovale form in the adult
fossa ovalis in the right atrium
32
how does ventricular septation begin
inter-ventricular septum grows up from the base of the heart, towards endocardial cushions
33
important forces acting on ventricles
haemodynamic forces play a significant impact on sculpting
34
tissue of septum
base = muscular, upper region where it joins cushions is membranous
35
where does the IV septum fuse
doesn't fuse with cushions, closes by fusion between the membranous IV septum and septum in outflow tract
36
what is IV separation continuous with
outflow tract septation
37
action of haemodynamic flows on outflow tract
create 2 spiralling blood streams, act on cardiac jelly rich wall of outflow tract pressure causes formation of spiral conotruncal ridges that fuse together, dividing outflow tract
38
shape of vessels as they emerge
aortic and pulmonary outflow twist around eachother as they emerge conotruncal ridges fuse with IV septum and form membranous IV septum neural crest cells essential
39
septation defects
both ventricular and atrial occur, ventricular most common in membranous region ventricular septal defects cause reduced CO, hypertrophy, increase pressure in pulmonary system
40
defect where no septation of outflow occurs
persistent trunks arteriosus
41
defect with no spiralling of vessels
transposition of the great vessels
42
tetralogy of fallot
abnormal blood flow causes problems with septation of the outflow tract extreme abnormality, get wrong alignment of ventricular and outflow septation so they don't fuse in the middle 4 symptoms: pulmonary stenosis, IV septal defect, over-riding aorta, RV hypertrophy
43
how do valves form
endocardial cells migrate into jelly ventricular layer is hollowed out and thinned by cell death to form valve leaflets spaces left by dead cells = chordae tendinae
44
original arteries in body
vitelline supplies yolk sac | umbilical arteries supply placenta
45
what are the aortic arches
forms future aortic and pulmonary trunks | 5 pairs of aortic arches, not all present at once (I,II,III,IV,VI) - NO 5
46
what occurs with arterial remodelling
generate the major vessels that leave the heart
47
what do arch I and II form
regress quickly
48
what does arch III form
carotid arteries
49
what does arch IV and VI form
aortic arch and pulmonary trunk | connection between = ductus arteriosus, associated with vagus nerve
50
changes at birth
- lungs inflate, vascular resistance drops, blood goes through pulmonary circulation and return to LA increases - umbilical artery contract, blood flow from placenta stops - umbilical vein closes slowly, blood returns to infant - less blood in RA, more in LA so foramen ovale closes - ductus venosus closes -> ligamentum venosum - ductus arteriosus closes -> ligamentum arteriosum
51
major pairs of veins in the embryo
``` vitelline = drain yolk sac umbilical = drain blood from umbilical cord into embryo cardinal = draining of embryo proper ```
52
vitelline vein development
right and left each one divided into distal, middle and proximal parts by the developing liver proximal parts anastomose around the duodenum to form the portal vein middle two parts of the veins = liver sinusoids proximal part of left disappears proximal part of right forms part of IVC
53
umbilical vein development
right and left right disappears proximal part of left disappears distal left carries blood from placenta to liver direct communication between left UV and IVC (ductus venosus)
54
cardinal vein development
anterior = drain cephalic part posterior = drain rest various other addition cardinal veins form for specific organs
55
venous blood flow before sedation
bias of blood flowing into RA before septation

Embryology TT (5 decks)

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