Development of GMD and CCP Flashcards
What happened during the Northern Expedition?
27th of July 1926- Nationalist Revolutionary army- 85,000 troops + 6000 Huangpu officers -March north with Jiang as C-C against 750,000 warlord troops
Nationalists= well financed, had Galen as adivsor and were more united
Com agitators = moved ahead of Nationalist army to mobilise support from peasantry and workers
Swept onto central China, victory after vicotry- by 1927 marching towards Nanjing and Shanghai, June 1928 took Beijing
To what extent did the Northern Expedition achieve its aims of national rejuvenation?
Did:
- achieved a semblance of national unity + GMD recognized internationally
- China had the first unified government since Yuan
- GMD and Jiang launched a decade of modernization + national reconstruction
- ended Beiyang government and a period of disorder
did not:
-only took general charge of China, many regions still under warlord influence- Nanjing controlled 4 provinces in central Yangtze region
What led to the Shanghai Massacre?
Jiang Jieshi was worried about the extent of Communist influence on workers b/c when taking Shanghai, Com= staged a massive strike that paralyzed the entire city
Green gang = keen to remove communist ‘problem’ -> close ties with Jiang = given immunity from law + exclusive rights to sell opium in Shanghai
What were the consequences of the Shanghai Massacre?
- 5~10,000 communists and unionists killed
- nationalists joined in the slaughter
- Miesner: “virtually destroyed both the CCP and the Worker’s movement in China’s largest city”
How did Comintern have influence over the leadership and strategies of the CCP?
- after the Shanghai massacre, Comintern still urged CCP to maintain ties with GMD-> ties with Wang Jingwei and “left GMD”
- new loyal Comintern agents sent to stage uprisings against GMD-> e.g. 1st Aug uprising in Nanchang h/w recaptured in 4 days
- Encouraged Li Lisan line + campaigns against cities in Yangtze river valley
- creation of “28 Bolsheviks” to replace CCP leadership + backed it during first all china congress of soviets in Ruijin
What significant strategies and reforms were developed by Mao Zedong and Zhu De during the Jiangxi Soviet period?
Red Army:
- removed symbols of privilege and superiority e.g. no ranks and badges
- Three main rules and eight points of attention-> help the peasantry increase support
Guerilla tactics:
- lure Nationalist troops deep into Jiangxi- not engage head-on
- use knowledge of terrain for hit-and-run tactics
Land reform:
-execute most brutal landlords then split land + 15-20% grain tax
What were the strengths and limitations of the Nationalist government during the Nanjing Decade?
strengths:
- modernisation programs: 1000s of km of road built, railway tracks extended + 100s of locomotives added, power plants, hospital of international standard in Nanjing
- Chinese sovereignty: 10/23 foreign concessions returned
limitations:
- regional tensions-> 23 campaigns used to subdue rebellious provinces
- most provinces are still under warlord control
- GMD budget was in deficit throughout Nanjing decade
- regional leaders pocketed taxes how they wished some provinces 11X higher than official rate
- corruption: 695000 reports of poor efforts by GMD officials by Control Yuan
What were the intentions and impacts of the New Life Movement?
intentions:
- Jiang: “millitarise the lives of the citizens… so that they will at any time sacrifice for the nation.” -> ppl become unified and politically active
- moral rejuvenation through Confucianism and Christian puritanism
Impact:
- very little other than “intruding into people’s personal lives” (Tom Ryan)
- blue shirts = handed out beatings to those who ignored 96 rules
- hypocritical- e.g. Song Meiling = smoker + G. gang still sold opium
What was the role of and significance of Jiang Jieshi’s leadership during the Nanjing Decade?
