Development of British Hegemony in America Flashcards
Y ppl go to the colonys?
• >⅕ of all migrants were English
• 150k Scotish/Irish Ulster Protestants who go for Eco and Religious reasons
• 650k Germans from the Rhineland for Eco (many Financial problems in europe so want fresh start and plots of land)
– And religious tollerance
• by 1763 350k slaves were kidnapped or forced from africa (Starts in 1619)
⅙ of America’s Pop is slaves and 90% of them live in the south for political and Eco reasons
they made up 67% pop of South Carolina and 40% of the pop of Georgia and Virginia
• 1700-63 = 400k people arived in the colonys
People mostly lived on farms so America isnt densly populated
Y pop grow in america?
• Increase in birth rate with the avg fam having 7 children
• Lots of land means lots of crops to support pop
• falling Death rate as they lived longer than most Europeans
• Large levels of Immigration
– Incl: Scot, Irish, English, Germans fron Rhineland, Dutch, sweedish ect. for Eco opportunitys and religious tollerance, esp for Protestants
• from 1700-1763 the pop increased from 250k to 2Mill
1750-1776 = 1.25 Mill to 2.3 Mill
3 areas of the 13 colonys
• New England Colonies:
–New Hampshire (NH)
– Massachusetts (MA)
– Rhode Island (RI)
– Connecticut (CON)
• Middle Colonies:
– New York (NY)
– New Jersey (NJ)
– Pennsylvania (PENN)
– Delaware (DEL)
Southern Colonies:
– Maryland (ML)
– Virginia (VA)
– North Carolina (NC)
– South Carolina (SC)
– Georgia (G)
3 types of colonies
all colonies have a simular government structure of a gov legislative assembly
Royal Colonies (most of them):
– Govener appointed and removed by the British Monarch only
– The govener is responsible to only the monarch
Proprietary colonies:
– A Proprietor ran the colony and appointed the govenor
– The Crown put political authoritt in the hands of certain families (The Proprietors) such as:
– Calverts: Maryland
– Penns: Delaware and Pennsylvania
Corporate colonies:
– Govenors were popularly elected and responsible to the legislatures
– Conneticut and RI got charters by the king that gave them this autonomy
Colonial government
Salutary Neglect
Salutary Neglect:
– Brit left colonies to their own devices (as they are 3000miles away so it was best to not make trouble)
– Parliment laws on colonies arnt payed much attention to as parliment dont pay much attention on colonial affairs
– The only real acts that touched on colonial affairs were the Trade Legislation acts
Colonial Government
Governors
Governors
– They were responsible for internal administration
– in theory they had enormous power (in reality it was limited)
– They could be dismissed by the British Gov at will.
– They were dependent in the colonial assemblies for revenue (and their own salaries)
Colonial Government
Colonial Assemblies
Colonial Assemblies
• they met in spring or autumn for 4-6 weeks
– Made local laws
• most consisted of 2 houses:
– Upper house (/councils)
– Appointed by the governor, chosen from wealthy colonial elite, members oft on Governor advisory board
– Lower House
– Elected, Could be summoned, dissmised, vetoed by Governor
power of assembilies was considerable:
– responsible for money bills + expeditures
– reps communitys in a way governors and councils didnt
BUT
• Undemocratic
– only white men with sufficient property could vote
– No women, slaves or poor people
and for office (upper house)
– Higher Property Qual
– Know abt and have a high social standing
meaning usualy only:
– Rich, Landowners, merchants, lawyers
are elected for office (Upper house)
But
50-80% of adult white males could vote
vs 15% in Brit so more equal
Colonial Government
British Rule
British Rule
• Charters = Formal document for granting rights and privalages
– Charters tie Brit to the colonies
also in the 17th cent states that the colonies are tied to the Crown not parliment
Privy council = private council of the Kings advisors on the Administration of gov
• 1696: King + Privy council had joint authority, in co-op w/ parliment to review colonial laws
(5% of 8500 colonial measures 1691-175 were disallowed by britain)
• most of 18th cent: board of trade is responsible for Colonial supervision
– it advised on colonial appointments, created gov instructions and reviewed colonial legislation
• Admiralty important cuz america was basicly a costal comunity so navy can keep order
• war office also important to keep an eye on other colonys of france and spain nearby
Local Gov in colonies
New England local gov model:
– based on township
– New Eng Colonies = smaller and closer together
– in each township adult males of each comunity meet reg and discuss local conserns and make decisions
– they could: Levy local taxes, determin local laws, elect local officials called “selectmen” to manage local affairs
Virginia and Southern colonies local gov model:
– more spred out so county = local unit not townships
– local Business = transacted by county court whose members were usualy prominent wealthy planters who were appointed by the governor
– between meetings of county court, Administration was handled by the sheriff and other local officials
– All appointed by Governor
Systems of Justice in colonies (Civil and Criminal)
• For smaller cases justice is handled by Local Justices of the Peace (JPs)
– they are untrained, appointed by Governor, from Upper, respected, educated classes of society
Above the JPs for more Serious cases = County Courts
– Staffed by Trained qualified judges appointed and dismissed by Governor
– Can’t deal with cases involving Death penalty or Civil suits of loads of money (Big time sueing someone)
At the top of the system = The Governor and His council
– most serious cases
– also served as a court of appeal from county court decisions
– Governor decisions can only be appealed by the Privy council in London
At all these levels = Loads of Variety from colony to colony
Colonial relations with Britain
At the end of the day they were British colonies
so Ultimatly governed from Britain
• as a result of this, Colonial governments appointed agents in london to promote local intrest to try get it heard or passed
• sometimes many colonies would share the same agent
• most famous colonial agent was for Penn: Benjamin Franklin (Benji Frankie)
Brit system for Governing the Am colonies was Complex and inificient
– with many individuals and gov departments incl:
– King, privy council, board of trade, the treasury, war office, admiralty, various parlimenty committees, the secretary of state for the southern department and Parliment itself
New Hapshire (NH)
New Hapshire NH
New England (North)
Crown Colony
Trades fish and rum to Britain
1770 pop= 62K
Native Americans: Abenaki and Pennencoak tribes
Originaly French colony 1600-5
English from 1623
many employed in Cattle and Grain farming
Logging timber
fishing
Dockwork
skinning fur
ship building
Massachusets (MA)
Massachusets MA
New England
Crown Colony
pop in 1770 = 235k
Some NA presence
1620 = many English Christians but by 1650 they were puritans
ppl mainly empolyed in:
– rum distilleries
– iron works
– ship building
– fishing
– trade/shipping
– fur trade
– cattle and grain farms
– logging
Rhode Island (RI)
Rhode Island RI
New England
Corporate colony so Governor is elected and Crown gave charter to them for this lvl of automny
Pop in 1770 = 58K
Some NA (Most killed in King Philips war 1675-76)
Mainly English pop from MA
but RI splits from MA in 1641
and got charter for corperate colony in 1643
as didnt beleive in state controling religion
so RI becomes a Religious Dissenters refuge
Ppl mainly employed in:
– Rum Distileries
– Iron Works
– Cattle and Grain farming
Connecticut (CT)
Connecticut CT
New England
Corporate colony so King gave charter so Governor is elected not appointed
pop 1770 = 183K
Mainly Puritans
OG = Dutch but English arive in 1633 so dutch abandon their fort in 1654 when outnumberd by Eng settlers
ppl mainly employed in:
– cattle and grain farming
– iron works
New Jersey (NJ)
New Jersey NJ
Middle colony
crown colony
traded with Brit in wheat and flower which they export to Brit and other colonys
pop 1770= 117K
Refuge for: NA, DUTCH, EX-puritans from CT, Scotts, sweeds, finns, English Quakers
mainly ppl employed in:
– Cattle and grain farming
• trade and shipping
– ship building
• Iron works
New York (NY)
New York NY
Middle colony
Crown colony
pop 1770 = 162K
Some NA
French then it was Dutch (1609-67)
English won it in 2nd Anglo-dutch war 1664-7
also in 1624 the Dutch fort Orange was created so yeah
ppl employed in:
– Cattle/grain farming
• iron works
• timber logging
Pennsylvania (PENN) (PA)
Pennsylvania PENN PA
Middle colony
Proprietory colony ( crown gives political authority to family (Penns) and head of fam becomes governor so some crown power here
kinda between Crown and Corporate
pop 1770 = 240k
⅓ pop in 1760’s is German
also there are quakers, armish, baptists, mennonites
and they all keep good relations with NA
mainly employed in
• cattle and grain farming
– skinning fur
• timber logging
• iron works
Delaware (DE)
Delaware DE
middle colony
Proprietary colony
crown puts family incharge with political power and the proprietory (Head of fam) becomes govenor so Some crown power
Family incharge = Penns
pop 1770 = 35k
Sepperated from PENN in 1702
so pop is religiously diverse with Quakers, armish, baptists, NA, Mennonites and germans
ppl mainly employed in:
– cattle and grain farming
• Tobacco farming
– ship building
Maryland (MD)
Maryland MD
Southern colony
Proprietory colony
King gives political power to a family
innwhich the proprietor (Head of fam) becomes Governor so Some crown power not as much or little as crown colony or Corperate colony
family = Calvents
Eports tobacco to britain even if final destination elsewhere
in accordence with trade and nabigation act 1651-73
pop 1770 = 202k
40% pop are african slaves
rest is mainly English Catholics since 1632 and later Protestants allowed too
ppl mainly employed in:
• Cattle/ grain farming
– iron works
• Tobacco farming
Virginia (VA)
Virginia VA
Southern colony
crown colony
trades Grain, rice, tobaco and other stuff to Brit
pop 1770 = Largest colony = 447K
40% pop = African Slaves
Sparce NA pop
lots of English
1610-17 leader is John Rolfe who marys Pocohontas the daughter of Powhatan cheif
ppl mainly employed in
– fishing
• tobacco farming
– trade and shipping
– cattle and grain farming
North Carolina (NC)
North Carolina NC
Southern crown colony
trades tobacco and Indigo and Grain and rice with Brit
pop 1770 = 200K
Mainly English and NA
employed in:
• trading and shipping
– skinning fur
– logging timber
• cattle and grain farming
– tobacco farming
• rice and Indigo Farming
South Carolina (SC)
South Carolina SC
Southern crown colony
trades Indigo and grain and rice with Brit
pop 1770 = 100K
67% pop = African Slaves
Some English and NA
Employed in:
– tiny cattle and grain farms
– rice, indigo farms
– Dock works
• shipping and trading
• logging timber
Georgia (GA) (G)
Georgia GA G
Southern crown colony
trades Indigo, rice and grain to Brit
pop 1770 = 30K
40% pop is African Slaves
Lots of Protestants from: cent Europe, Scott, Portugal
also Jews and welsh (poor ex-prisoners, debtors, fleeing religious persecution)
ppl employed in:
– Shipping and trading
• Rice and Indigo farms
Relations with Britain and Colonies facts?
• not allowed to trade with neighboring French or spanish Colongs
less than 5% of new eng pop is slaves compared with ⅓ of Southern colonys
Saluraty neglect means parliment thinks its laws apply to colonys but colonys ignore them and parliment doed nothing cuz doesnt want trouble so far away
New England Eco Activitys
• Mainly Fishing cod, cattle and grain, iron works, shugar, molasses (to make rum), timber, fur skin, trade and dockworks
Middle colonies main Eco activitys
• wheat and flower production
and cattle, grain, trade, shipping, fur, shipbuilding, tobacco farms, iron works, timber
southern colonies main eco activitys
• tobacco (exports in 1670’s worth £14Mill and in 1770’s worth £100M
also Rice, Indigo, grain, Fish, iron, trade, logging, fur, dockwork
B=♥︎ Tobbaco + makes £££
v ^
Make more + sell as luxuary products with Fur, Rum, cod, ect.
also need Iron for the Industrial revolution we are gonna have later
Mercantilism
and the Navigation acts 1651 and 1673
Mercantilism is the system used by Britain to control the production of goods and trading with the American colonies
the colonies surve the purpose of benefitting the mother country with supplies and raw materials going there
then from the mother country it can send these materials to other places
This means that America has guaranteed trade but only with Britain
Once the materials reach Britain manufactured goods are sent back to the colonies in return
• this makes both Britain and the colonies economically self-sufficient upon each other
Also due to this system on the exclusive trade rights that Britain has with her colonies
it means the sea around America is protected by Britain to ensure the trade route survives
To reinforce the system the navigation act was passed between 1651 and 1673 which stated only English ships could carry goods from the colonies