Development of British Hegemony in America Flashcards
Y ppl go to the colonys?
• >⅕ of all migrants were English
• 150k Scotish/Irish Ulster Protestants who go for Eco and Religious reasons
• 650k Germans from the Rhineland for Eco (many Financial problems in europe so want fresh start and plots of land)
– And religious tollerance
• by 1763 350k slaves were kidnapped or forced from africa (Starts in 1619)
⅙ of America’s Pop is slaves and 90% of them live in the south for political and Eco reasons
they made up 67% pop of South Carolina and 40% of the pop of Georgia and Virginia
• 1700-63 = 400k people arived in the colonys
People mostly lived on farms so America isnt densly populated
Y pop grow in america?
• Increase in birth rate with the avg fam having 7 children
• Lots of land means lots of crops to support pop
• falling Death rate as they lived longer than most Europeans
• Large levels of Immigration
– Incl: Scot, Irish, English, Germans fron Rhineland, Dutch, sweedish ect. for Eco opportunitys and religious tollerance, esp for Protestants
• from 1700-1763 the pop increased from 250k to 2Mill
1750-1776 = 1.25 Mill to 2.3 Mill
3 areas of the 13 colonys
• New England Colonies:
–New Hampshire (NH)
– Massachusetts (MA)
– Rhode Island (RI)
– Connecticut (CON)
• Middle Colonies:
– New York (NY)
– New Jersey (NJ)
– Pennsylvania (PENN)
– Delaware (DEL)
Southern Colonies:
– Maryland (ML)
– Virginia (VA)
– North Carolina (NC)
– South Carolina (SC)
– Georgia (G)
3 types of colonies
all colonies have a simular government structure of a gov legislative assembly
Royal Colonies (most of them):
– Govener appointed and removed by the British Monarch only
– The govener is responsible to only the monarch
Proprietary colonies:
– A Proprietor ran the colony and appointed the govenor
– The Crown put political authoritt in the hands of certain families (The Proprietors) such as:
– Calverts: Maryland
– Penns: Delaware and Pennsylvania
Corporate colonies:
– Govenors were popularly elected and responsible to the legislatures
– Conneticut and RI got charters by the king that gave them this autonomy
Colonial government
Salutary Neglect
Salutary Neglect:
– Brit left colonies to their own devices (as they are 3000miles away so it was best to not make trouble)
– Parliment laws on colonies arnt payed much attention to as parliment dont pay much attention on colonial affairs
– The only real acts that touched on colonial affairs were the Trade Legislation acts
Colonial Government
Governors
Governors
– They were responsible for internal administration
– in theory they had enormous power (in reality it was limited)
– They could be dismissed by the British Gov at will.
– They were dependent in the colonial assemblies for revenue (and their own salaries)
Colonial Government
Colonial Assemblies
Colonial Assemblies
• they met in spring or autumn for 4-6 weeks
– Made local laws
• most consisted of 2 houses:
– Upper house (/councils)
– Appointed by the governor, chosen from wealthy colonial elite, members oft on Governor advisory board
– Lower House
– Elected, Could be summoned, dissmised, vetoed by Governor
power of assembilies was considerable:
– responsible for money bills + expeditures
– reps communitys in a way governors and councils didnt
BUT
• Undemocratic
– only white men with sufficient property could vote
– No women, slaves or poor people
and for office (upper house)
– Higher Property Qual
– Know abt and have a high social standing
meaning usualy only:
– Rich, Landowners, merchants, lawyers
are elected for office (Upper house)
But
50-80% of adult white males could vote
vs 15% in Brit so more equal
Colonial Government
British Rule
British Rule
• Charters = Formal document for granting rights and privalages
– Charters tie Brit to the colonies
also in the 17th cent states that the colonies are tied to the Crown not parliment
Privy council = private council of the Kings advisors on the Administration of gov
• 1696: King + Privy council had joint authority, in co-op w/ parliment to review colonial laws
(5% of 8500 colonial measures 1691-175 were disallowed by britain)
• most of 18th cent: board of trade is responsible for Colonial supervision
– it advised on colonial appointments, created gov instructions and reviewed colonial legislation
• Admiralty important cuz america was basicly a costal comunity so navy can keep order
• war office also important to keep an eye on other colonys of france and spain nearby
Local Gov in colonies
New England local gov model:
– based on township
– New Eng Colonies = smaller and closer together
– in each township adult males of each comunity meet reg and discuss local conserns and make decisions
– they could: Levy local taxes, determin local laws, elect local officials called “selectmen” to manage local affairs
Virginia and Southern colonies local gov model:
– more spred out so county = local unit not townships
– local Business = transacted by county court whose members were usualy prominent wealthy planters who were appointed by the governor
– between meetings of county court, Administration was handled by the sheriff and other local officials
– All appointed by Governor
Systems of Justice in colonies (Civil and Criminal)
• For smaller cases justice is handled by Local Justices of the Peace (JPs)
– they are untrained, appointed by Governor, from Upper, respected, educated classes of society
Above the JPs for more Serious cases = County Courts
– Staffed by Trained qualified judges appointed and dismissed by Governor
– Can’t deal with cases involving Death penalty or Civil suits of loads of money (Big time sueing someone)
At the top of the system = The Governor and His council
– most serious cases
– also served as a court of appeal from county court decisions
– Governor decisions can only be appealed by the Privy council in London
At all these levels = Loads of Variety from colony to colony
Colonial relations with Britain
At the end of the day they were British colonies
so Ultimatly governed from Britain
• as a result of this, Colonial governments appointed agents in london to promote local intrest to try get it heard or passed
• sometimes many colonies would share the same agent
• most famous colonial agent was for Penn: Benjamin Franklin (Benji Frankie)
Brit system for Governing the Am colonies was Complex and inificient
– with many individuals and gov departments incl:
– King, privy council, board of trade, the treasury, war office, admiralty, various parlimenty committees, the secretary of state for the southern department and Parliment itself
New Hapshire (NH)
New Hapshire NH
New England (North)
Crown Colony
Trades fish and rum to Britain
1770 pop= 62K
Native Americans: Abenaki and Pennencoak tribes
Originaly French colony 1600-5
English from 1623
many employed in Cattle and Grain farming
Logging timber
fishing
Dockwork
skinning fur
ship building
Massachusets (MA)
Massachusets MA
New England
Crown Colony
pop in 1770 = 235k
Some NA presence
1620 = many English Christians but by 1650 they were puritans
ppl mainly empolyed in:
– rum distilleries
– iron works
– ship building
– fishing
– trade/shipping
– fur trade
– cattle and grain farms
– logging
Rhode Island (RI)
Rhode Island RI
New England
Corporate colony so Governor is elected and Crown gave charter to them for this lvl of automny
Pop in 1770 = 58K
Some NA (Most killed in King Philips war 1675-76)
Mainly English pop from MA
but RI splits from MA in 1641
and got charter for corperate colony in 1643
as didnt beleive in state controling religion
so RI becomes a Religious Dissenters refuge
Ppl mainly employed in:
– Rum Distileries
– Iron Works
– Cattle and Grain farming
Connecticut (CT)
Connecticut CT
New England
Corporate colony so King gave charter so Governor is elected not appointed
pop 1770 = 183K
Mainly Puritans
OG = Dutch but English arive in 1633 so dutch abandon their fort in 1654 when outnumberd by Eng settlers
ppl mainly employed in:
– cattle and grain farming
– iron works
New Jersey (NJ)
New Jersey NJ
Middle colony
crown colony
traded with Brit in wheat and flower which they export to Brit and other colonys
pop 1770= 117K
Refuge for: NA, DUTCH, EX-puritans from CT, Scotts, sweeds, finns, English Quakers
mainly ppl employed in:
– Cattle and grain farming
• trade and shipping
– ship building
• Iron works
New York (NY)
New York NY
Middle colony
Crown colony
pop 1770 = 162K
Some NA
French then it was Dutch (1609-67)
English won it in 2nd Anglo-dutch war 1664-7
also in 1624 the Dutch fort Orange was created so yeah
ppl employed in:
– Cattle/grain farming
• iron works
• timber logging
Pennsylvania (PENN) (PA)
Pennsylvania PENN PA
Middle colony
Proprietory colony ( crown gives political authority to family (Penns) and head of fam becomes governor so some crown power here
kinda between Crown and Corporate
pop 1770 = 240k
⅓ pop in 1760’s is German
also there are quakers, armish, baptists, mennonites
and they all keep good relations with NA
mainly employed in
• cattle and grain farming
– skinning fur
• timber logging
• iron works
Delaware (DE)
Delaware DE
middle colony
Proprietary colony
crown puts family incharge with political power and the proprietory (Head of fam) becomes govenor so Some crown power
Family incharge = Penns
pop 1770 = 35k
Sepperated from PENN in 1702
so pop is religiously diverse with Quakers, armish, baptists, NA, Mennonites and germans
ppl mainly employed in:
– cattle and grain farming
• Tobacco farming
– ship building
Maryland (MD)
Maryland MD
Southern colony
Proprietory colony
King gives political power to a family
innwhich the proprietor (Head of fam) becomes Governor so Some crown power not as much or little as crown colony or Corperate colony
family = Calvents
Eports tobacco to britain even if final destination elsewhere
in accordence with trade and nabigation act 1651-73
pop 1770 = 202k
40% pop are african slaves
rest is mainly English Catholics since 1632 and later Protestants allowed too
ppl mainly employed in:
• Cattle/ grain farming
– iron works
• Tobacco farming
Virginia (VA)
Virginia VA
Southern colony
crown colony
trades Grain, rice, tobaco and other stuff to Brit
pop 1770 = Largest colony = 447K
40% pop = African Slaves
Sparce NA pop
lots of English
1610-17 leader is John Rolfe who marys Pocohontas the daughter of Powhatan cheif
ppl mainly employed in
– fishing
• tobacco farming
– trade and shipping
– cattle and grain farming
North Carolina (NC)
North Carolina NC
Southern crown colony
trades tobacco and Indigo and Grain and rice with Brit
pop 1770 = 200K
Mainly English and NA
employed in:
• trading and shipping
– skinning fur
– logging timber
• cattle and grain farming
– tobacco farming
• rice and Indigo Farming
South Carolina (SC)
South Carolina SC
Southern crown colony
trades Indigo and grain and rice with Brit
pop 1770 = 100K
67% pop = African Slaves
Some English and NA
Employed in:
– tiny cattle and grain farms
– rice, indigo farms
– Dock works
• shipping and trading
• logging timber
Georgia (GA) (G)
Georgia GA G
Southern crown colony
trades Indigo, rice and grain to Brit
pop 1770 = 30K
40% pop is African Slaves
Lots of Protestants from: cent Europe, Scott, Portugal
also Jews and welsh (poor ex-prisoners, debtors, fleeing religious persecution)
ppl employed in:
– Shipping and trading
• Rice and Indigo farms
Relations with Britain and Colonies facts?
• not allowed to trade with neighboring French or spanish Colongs
less than 5% of new eng pop is slaves compared with ⅓ of Southern colonys
Saluraty neglect means parliment thinks its laws apply to colonys but colonys ignore them and parliment doed nothing cuz doesnt want trouble so far away
New England Eco Activitys
• Mainly Fishing cod, cattle and grain, iron works, shugar, molasses (to make rum), timber, fur skin, trade and dockworks
Middle colonies main Eco activitys
• wheat and flower production
and cattle, grain, trade, shipping, fur, shipbuilding, tobacco farms, iron works, timber
southern colonies main eco activitys
• tobacco (exports in 1670’s worth £14Mill and in 1770’s worth £100M
also Rice, Indigo, grain, Fish, iron, trade, logging, fur, dockwork
B=♥︎ Tobbaco + makes £££
v ^
Make more + sell as luxuary products with Fur, Rum, cod, ect.
also need Iron for the Industrial revolution we are gonna have later
Mercantilism
and the Navigation acts 1651 and 1673
Mercantilism is the system used by Britain to control the production of goods and trading with the American colonies
the colonies surve the purpose of benefitting the mother country with supplies and raw materials going there
then from the mother country it can send these materials to other places
This means that America has guaranteed trade but only with Britain
Once the materials reach Britain manufactured goods are sent back to the colonies in return
• this makes both Britain and the colonies economically self-sufficient upon each other
Also due to this system on the exclusive trade rights that Britain has with her colonies
it means the sea around America is protected by Britain to ensure the trade route survives
To reinforce the system the navigation act was passed between 1651 and 1673 which stated only English ships could carry goods from the colonies
American reaction to Mercantilism
• Americans did not complain about the mecantilism system as it was not really enforced
• import duties was rarely collected on incoming British goods
– as the chief of customs colonial officers usually didn’t do much work and stayed in Britain
– so deputies were sent to do their jobs
– they were easily bribed to turn a blind eye to any breach of the trading laws such as smuggling
Colonial benifits to the system
• iron finishing Industries:
– that turn crude iron into pig iron and Colonial bar iron which enter Britain are free of duties
– by 1770 colonies finished more iron than Britain
• American products got a protected market with Britain and the empire
– by 1760 ⅓ of British imports/ exports were too/ from America
• American ships profited from the exclusion of foreign ships from colonial trade
The impact of American smuggling on Britain
• due to the chief of customs colonial offices usually stayed in Brit
– and got deputies to their work who could be easily bribed to allow a breach in trade laws
– there were many instances of smuggling of goods from France Spain and Denmark which was allowed by bribed custom officials (they werent paied much so they love money)
– however when Court Smugglers were often freed by sympathetic American juries
• there are very little consequences to ignoring the rules of trade as the Americans find out
• £700,000 of goods per year enters America via illegal smuggling
• the impact of this on Britain is there is less economic gain for then and more from its rivals especially France which also has a presence in the area
Economic restrictions
General Restrictions
• there were some general economic restrictions before America put in place by Britain
• one restriction was in shipping where all goods coming to and from the colonies were to be carried in ships built or owned by England and the other colonies
– this was to stimulate the new England ship building industry
• enumerated commodities which was certain items such as sugar, cotton, indigo, daiwoods, ginger and tobacco could be exported only from the colonies to England even if their ultimate destination was elsewhere
– Britain gets first dibs on expencive goods
• goods imported into America from outside Britain with a few exceptions must be landed in Britain before being reshipped
– this was so Britain could take what they wanted from it
Economic restrictions
Woolen act 1699
The woolen act from 1699 forbids the export of woollen yarn and cloth to outside of the Colony it was produced
– no exports means that it limits trade to the home Market and britain
– which while limiting profits does mean that it could be made to order
– and these expensive products will benefit Britain market
Economic restrictions
the Hat act 1732
The Hat act of 1732 Bans the export of colonial beaver hats made of fur
– which limits the trade of this to the home Market and Britain
– decreasing the profits from selling these valuable items elsewhere
Economic restrictions
the molasses act 1733
• the molasses act in 1733 put a tax on molasses, sugar, rum imported from foreign non-british colonies
– this discourages colonies from purchasing foreign goods
– promotes colonial and Empire trade valuable molasses that can be used to create Rum
Economic restrictions
the iron act 1750
• the 1750 iron act balance the export of colonial iron outside of the empire
– limits the trading options so possibly decreases profit
– but guarantees a market with the Empire so increasing
The overall effect of the economic restrictions put into place in the early American colonies
The overall effect of these economic restrictions were to guarantee trade between the colonies and the empire of mainly valuable goods
guaranteeing a home market with the Empire, the local area and other colonys
It also increased the profits of the Empire
but not necessarily the manufacturers
– who had the amount of places their goods could be exported to limited to other colonies and the Empire
– or with the woollen act only their own colony and possibly the empire
Possibly decreasing their profits or increasing them considering they did have a guaranteed market with Britain
– this balance would probably vary between each location and the type of goods being manufactured
The main differences between American and British society in the early 1700s
English people migrating to America weren’t a full representation of English or British society as they were
– often religious fugitives mostly Protestants with some anglicans and Catholics too
– as well as ex prisoners
– And Masters and servants
– and people seeking adventure
• they were also non English people such as Scots, Irish, Dutch, Swedes, French and Germans
– additionally there were the socially excluded black African slaves and Native Americans
Unlike in England there was no title nobility
a larger percentage of the population were landowners rather than just tenants (Pay rent)
and there were much more land available to own in America than in England
which bought more people into political life as property owning enabled people to vote
Some distinctions between social classes and America they were far weaker than England and much easier for people to cross social barriers
– for example becoming middle class
• and as with most places around the world at the time women still had a subordinate role to men in the colonies and did not share the same political and civil rights
The hierarchy of American Society in the early 1700s
• elite switches politicians landowners wealthy merchants southern planters (own atleast 20 slaves) etc who owned land and have political control or involvement
Professionals such as ministers lawyers doctors school Masters
– people who are respected and in public positions of responsibility
• Farmers and Property holders in the countryside which 80% of free men are Farmers and work on their land of 50 to 500 acres
– as well as shopkeepers and self-employed craftsman in towns
– which ⅔of the population
• landless labourers and tenants people who rent land and do not own it in the countryside usually white men and are 1/5 of the adult population
– as well as servants & sailors ETC in towns who are propertyless
• the bottom of the hierarchy contains black slaves who are owned bought and sold and subject to the will of their owners
– some of the domestic servants
– while most are work in the plantations on tobacco and rice
• unlike Britain there are no titles
– unlike in Britain you can leave your own class as an America you could buy land so you would go into a higher class in the hierarchy
Religion in the colonies
In most American colonies there were many different religious groups
Unlike in Britain there was no established national Church which would be the Anglican church as there were many different groups meaning that toleration was necessary
In the 18th century there was a major religious revival and known as the great Awakening in which preaches spurred the communities teaching devotion and morals and things which made many more people more religious
The different types of religious congregations
• anglicans
– the Church of England in which the monarch was the head of the church
– the church use the traditional prayer book which is officiated by the government
– 500k in am in 1700s
• presbyterians
– the Christian church in Scotland they didn’t have Bishops
– they believe in a flat structure of the church of no hierarchy
– they had their own version of the prayer book that was different to the Anglican church
– 410K in Am 1700
• the German churches und Lutherans
– they believe worship is formed by personal interaction with the Bible not priests
– developed by Martin Luther in 1519
– they believed the power of the Pope and Bishops was against the Teachings of the Bible
– quite Protestant
– 200K in am 1700
• Dutch Reformed Church
– similar to the Lutherans they were just Dutch protestants
– 75K in am 1700s
• quakers
– was against the hierarchy of the Church of England
– created by George Fox and the 17th century
– they believed everyone was equal in religion
– believed the people could interact in the Spirit of God individually
– 40k in Am 1700s
• Roman Catholics
– they used to be the main Christian church until the protestant reformation
– and then they became the minority version of Christianity in the north of Europe in Britain Holland and Germany meaning they faced persecution
– they believe the Pope was the head of the church
– had an importance of hierarchy and Bishops and stuff
– 25K in Am 1700s
• Methodist Church
– John Weasley developed in the 18th century
– Believe in a more simplified version of Christianity
– they thought Christian charity and good deeds was really important
– 5k Am 1700s
Most of these were either formed or influenced by Britain
most of them were Protestant meaning they were against the Catholic Church
The great Awakening in the early 18th century
The great Awakening in the early 18th century is when there was a religious revival
– with Preachers stating all people have a personal relationship with God
– which got them lots of big crowds and lots of joins to religion and churches
• the new light where people who generally agree with these religious Preachers and we usually young
– whereas the Old light didn’t agree with them and thought they would just crazy
• the elites were part of the latter not because they didn’t agree with the way they were conveying religion but it seemed as though that they were losing control over the people
• many people however were new light as the Preachers stating that all people had a personal relationship with God meant equality and not just in higher classes
– this of course undermines the position of the established clergy such as Bishops and whatnot and hierarchies of churches
• it also meant that you didn’t need a church to practice religion cutting out the Middleman
– which could be translated to the government for example you don’t need classes and hierarchies to make laws
Some people argued that the great Awakening around democratic spirits but this is likely a very big over statement as it didn’t generally challenge traditional authority
• this is likely due to the many different types of church meaning that there wasn’t just one type of preacher meaning that they’re never really going to be a united front towards a more equal Society
• nevertheless authority was still pretty concerned about it as the Equality with Jesus being similar to a quality and democracy with lower classes and women really frighten the rich people
– as they also fought it was kind of like the colonies and the empire
– as well as just Democracy in general
– which they were also scared of
Education in the colonies in the 1700s
Colonis with Ken education and by 1763 75% of white adult males could read (which is only 60% in England)
– there were nine colleges and universities
– 30+ newspapers by 1763
– even the printing press and bookshops
– intellectual organizations such as the American philosophy Society (1743)
– enlightenment thought was very influential in morals and stuff
• it was mainly the Colonial intellectual elite that was influenced by this enlightenment and the ideas and beliefs in:
– reason and human progress and science and politics
– as well as technical advancements and thinking and thoughts
Thoughts which eventually may even lead to opposition when something occurs that which you disagree with
– you don’t just tolerate it you challenge that rule and because all of these Americans are becoming more educated with those thinking and thoughts
– then they start to challenge something that they don’t like which could lead to Revolution
• Benjamin Franklin was even famous inventor who invented the lightning rod in 1750 and diving flippers
Native Americans relationship with the colonists
Positive results for the relationship between the two:
• NA either allied with the French or British to fight Britain and France (using them to their advantage)
• NA taught the British how and what crops to grow
• NA got to trade valuable beaver skin for manufactured goods such as Arms, weapons, ammunitions, tools and rum
– which is the native Americans became very addicted to and dependent on because they couldn’t get any of them anywhere else
– especially the rum
Negatives of the relationship particularly for Native Americans
• Wars over Land and expansion were constant
• after the 7 years war France left so they couldn’t use them to fight the British so they have to do it alone
• proclamation line is essentially an a forced border between the colonists and Americans to stop them from killing each other
• disease bought over by the colonists such as influenza and smallpox ravaged through the population with some areas at the 95% of the population disappearing as they do not have an immunity to them like the colonists do
• as the colonist population increase they need more land to farm for crops and stuff
• almost all of the relations between the native Americans and the colonists strengthen the British as they mainly won therefore all of the trade and whatnot with on their terms
– and if they didn’t they’d stop other places from trying to take the colonies because of the Native American presence there
– and if the native Americans died of diseases then they do not pose a threat to expansion
The long-term impacts of Native Americans and colonists relations
The long-term impacts the native Americans meant that it reduced their overall strength and population numbers meaning they are likely to be less of a threats to American expansion
They also may be fed up that they are being murdered by the colonists
– and their view on the land for it to be purchased and not free for all people may lead to more conflict
– conflicts may also increase naturally via natural expansion plans
This increase of conflict and tension between the native Americans and American colonists may push for one final assault The Last Stand against their advancements
Greater military presence on the proclamation line in 1763 means that’s the native Americans and the colonists have been separated
– which impacts on the Freedom of land that’s been made for Americans long for as well as the American colonists longness through expansion pissing both of them off
– leaving a further increase in the likelihood of a conflict emerging between them
The Austrian war of succession from 1740-48
The War of the Austrian Succession 1740-48
The war was caused by the decision on who should get the throne of Austria as Maria Theresa decided it should be her but France prussia and Bavaria disagreed so they all tried to kill each other
was fought in Europe between
France Prussia Spain Sweden (41-43) and saxony (41-2) and Bavaria (41-45)
against the hatsburg monarchy of Austria Britain the Dutch Republic saxony (43-5) and Russia (41-43 +48)
• however in America it was mainly between France and Spain versus Britain
• in 1744 war reaches the colonies so France and Britain fight the territories and their colonists help them
The outcome is the French win in america
– leading to the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle 1748
– the terms of which was to exchange louisburg for Madras which is a city in India
It’s also leads to the diplomatic Revolution 1756 which basically everybody changed his who’s their Ally
– Austria somehow becomes Francis Ally despite previously being Britain’s
– Prussia the French allies somehow becomes a British Ally
Overall France Austria and Russia allies
and Brit Prussia and Hanover are all allies
Britain’s successes and failures in the war of Austrian Succession in America 1744-48
Naval Supremacy
Naval Supremacy
+ the colonists Outnumbered for French 15:1
+ the colonists took louisburg in 1745
+ due to the presence of the British Navy the French couldn’t resupply their troops
— the British couldn’t send troops to fight the French they had to rely on the colonists
— they lost louisburg in 1748 to France have a Treaty of aix la chapelle
— Louie burg is important that controls the passage to Quebec and the opening of St Lawrence river
= the navy did work in terms that the French weren’t able to supply their troops however in the end it was still ultimately a failure due to having to rely on rubbish colonists that’s failed to keep the one place in which they were fighting for
Britain’s successes and failures in the war of Austrian Succession in America 1744-48
Relations with Native Americans
Relations with Native Americans during the Austrian war of succession
+ the iroquos light British the most however it wasn’t enough to actually help them
— most Native American support of the French as they allow them to pillage and Conquer land because the British said no so they didn’t support the British
— also the French gave better rewards
— pass the Appalachian Mountains there were no right for claims with Britain and France both bordered it
– so Brit encourage colonists to gain the support of Native Americans they attempted this the Albany Congress in June 1754
– however it fails to gain the support of the Native Americans and even the iroquos Britain’s best friend didn’t care
+ it did however make a permanent intercolonial confederation
– however it did fail to establish an elected colonial Parliament that would control the Colonial defense and also Native American affairs
= overall they got literally no Native American support militarily and therefore it was an absolutely massive failure
Britain’s successes and failures in the war of Austrian Succession in America 1744-48
The expansion into the Ohio River Valley
The expansion into the Ohio River Valley
+ the colonist saw the aiz la chapelle 1748 is more of a truce than peace treaty so they continue to fight
+ pass the Appalachian Mountains there was no right for claims but Britain France both borders it’s so Britain encourage colonists to gain the support of Native Americans
+ they send colonists due to not having many troops over there due to the policy of neglect
+ in 1753-54 a group of Virginia planters organized the Ohio company and the British government granted them 200,000 acres in the Ohio River Valley
+ the Ohio company of Virginia was encouraged to build forts such as Fort Prince George
— however their presence in the Ohio River Valley was bound to cause French conflict there just evident in the French also building forts
— a Virginian Force under the command of George Washington was sent to reclaim these new French forts in 1754 they failed
— France had captured Fort Prince George and renamed it to Fort Duquesne
– they had also captured Fort Niagara and also fought near New York such as crown points
= so overall the expansions to the ohio River Valley sort of failed
Britain’s successes and failures in the war of Austrian Succession in America 1744-48
The capture of louisburg
The capture of louisburg
+ colonist had captured it in 1745 it was important and it controls access to Quebec and the Saint Lawrence river
— they had to give it back to the French in the Aix La Chapelle treaty 1748
= overall they did manage to capture louisburg however they did have to give it back afterwards so a mixed Victory
Britain’s successes and failures in the war of Austrian Succession in America 1744-48
Nova Scotia
Nova scotia
+ British colonists were successful in capturing Nova Scotia they even captured some thoughts such as fort gaspereau
+ they also removed French Catholics that were called arcalians, they were sent to Louisiana to create New Orleans this was so that they should couldn’t help or Shelter French forces
= this is overall a British victory they also got to keep it after the war
Britain’s successes and failures in the war of Austrian Succession in America 1744-48
Fort duquesne
Fort Duquesne
+ British prestige was at stake so they decided to attack the French at 4 fronts:
two regiments in the Ohio River Valley (incl one to build fort prince george that is later captured and renamed to fort Duquesne)
attacking Fort Niagara
attacking French forts near New York e.g. crown point
securing Nova Scotia
— only the later of the 4 fronts succeeded
– the first three however failed likely due to the red uniform as being easy to see
– and the battles taking place in hostile environments
– in which guerrilla warfare was waged which Britain was not very used to
– and Fort duquesne was captured by the French and George Washington failed to get it back at the Battle of jumonville Glen at the age of 21 in 1754
= Britain completely failed to take back this fort and was unable to adapt to the new style of War unlike the French
Britain’s successes and failures in the war of Austrian Succession in America 1744-48
The support of the colonists
The support of the colonists
+ 1:15 outnumber the French
+ they supported British Forces as Britain couldn’t get their troops there
—
– simply weren’t very good
– refused to serve past their short enlistment period
– many deserted
– civil Ant-Man in charge of them lacked military experience to handle the forces and wasn’t very trained they were also s*** overall
= despite the large number of colonists they were really bad at fighting probably why Britain lost
7 years war (In america)
1756-63
Overview start
The 7 years war was a conflict from 1756-63
it involved battles in Europe, latin america, asia ect
but the bit we give a shit about is in north america
where it is France vs Britain
due to the British colonys being next to French ones in North america
so each nations colonists helped their mother country by trying to kill one another
It starts in a silly way:
France dislikes the Ohio company
so they attack Minorca in the Mediteranian
so Brit Declares war on them
then France Takes Fort Oswego
Then Prussia (Brit ally) dec war on Austria (Franc ally) so more war
word reaches colonys and all start killing each other
7 years war (In america)
1756-63
William Pitt
William Pitt
Before he the last Commander of the war was Lord Loudon
– was a mutiny against him when he asked for 7k soldiers
Pitt Became so popular he got 20K in 4 weeks no qs asked
William Pitt secretary of state 1757
– Good British Leader
– Made policys and admin control and global stratergys
– Top Goal = Beat France in America and Caribbean
– Sent most Aggressive commanders to America to help war: 25k troops under Lord Amherst and 25k under James wolfe so they could go offencive
• 3 pronged strat:
– Attack Louisbourg ( access to quebec and St Lawrence river)
– Attack Fort Ticonderoga (weapons there)
– Attack Quebec
Bonus:
– Take back Fort Duquense so Brit power on Obio river
Also gained am colonists support:
– Pitt said the crown will pay for equiping and the provisions of colonial militias so the colonys could spend their own money elswhere
• Also Pitt made it that British Officers couldnt pull rank on colonial officers, thurthering support
• success with 45K troops in Am by 1758 (½ were colonial volenteers)
vs only 6.8k French regulars (army)
• Militia Act 1757
– allowed Local Militias to be established in Britain to protect it from french invasion so more soldiers could go to Am
• in 1759 where French invasion threat was high he refused to recall troops from overseas, showing trust in the militias
Not all Credit for success goes to Pitt
as the strat for taking Louisbourg, Montreal and Quebec was Largley Loudon’s idea
just pitt made it work
7 years war (In america)
1756-63
Finance
Finance
• William Pitt the Sec of state from 1757
– payed Fredrick the great of Prussia to attack france in Europe
– so to distract them and to limit avalible troops to send to America
• In return Brit troops aided the Duke of Burnswick in many coalition European Victorys
– such as the Battle of Krefeild 1758
• Pitt was clearly prepared to do whats nessasary for victory after the Austrian war of successions failures
• Pitt could fund the war better than France could due to the British parliment gov system allowing him to easily raise taxes and loans to fund it
• also the economy bokmed due to supporting the war, enabling then to use more resorces to thurther support it
So finance is a good reason why Britian was Victorious in 7 yrs war
7 years war (In america)
1756-63
The Navy (stopping france from suppling new france)
The Navy
• At first Lord Loudon decideds against a assult on louisbourg in 1757 cuz french navy forces
– he tries it anyway and fails same yr
• Pitt realises french presence = no B navy supremecy
– so Calls Lord Anson (lord of the first admiralty (1751))
• Lord Anson gets ships in the English channel commanded by Admiral Hawke to stop French squads crossing the atlantic and resuplying new france with food and resorces so they stave
– Successful cuz France dont farm like britain do in Am so relied on the imports
– Also got NA who were fighting France to Support B
• after treaty of Aix La Chapelle 1748 french navy had been reduced in size and power
– Lord Anson had however increased B navy size and power since then, allowing for B supremacy
7 years war (In america)
1756-63
Navy (Using the Navy in America to beat new france)
• due to Lord Anson Increasing the size and power of B navy, it was able to be utalised against new France
• Seized Lousibourg, July 1758, Amphibias operation
• Seize Quebec, 1758, Navy Overhwelming tatic, 1800 B sailors on 100 ships
• France then gives up on tryong to retake New France
– Quiberon bay in France, Hawke Victory Nov 1759
– Makes French aid To reach new france imposible as large east french port is Captured
• 1760, French atempt to recapture Quebec
– Failed cuz B reinforcemnts go up St lawrence river from lousibourg
• Pitt Demands Anson shut St Lawrence river so no aid can be sent down it by France
– He agrees
– leads to Montreal defeat 1760
7 years war (In america)
1756-63
Native Americans
Native Americans
• great at offencive tatics and devistating frontier settlments
– At start of war helps France (help defeat Gen Braddock on way to Fort Duquesne)
• Near end switched to help New friend Brit
– Brit Navy supremacy = cant trade with france so loves B now
– earns presteige for am Colonists helping NA
– France had draded them manufactured goods like rum and guns
– Britian could and did do it too to keep them on side
– France is scared of NA so advantage for B
7 years war (In america)
1756-63
Colonists help
Colonists help
• colonists dont like Braddock and Loudon’s attitudes to colonial militias
– Pitt reverses officer rank issue and says the crown will finance their militias so money can be spent elswhere
– Pitt = colonial support aswell as for the war and patriotism
– Colonialists and British troops had a shared sence of endeavour against french
• Colonials troops = limited fighting
– built roads + forts to free B soldiers for fighting
– later more colonial soldiers tho
– + knew terain so Advantage over french (So did NA tho + knew it better so the switch is good)
7 years war (In america)
1756-63
French weakness
French weakness
• finds it hard to maintain an army in New France
– Small № of french colonists
– Dependent on supplies from france (Gets cut of)
– live in less fertile regions so limited farms and food
• B Naval superiority =
– No supplies to New france from France
– Made worse by poor Harvest 1756-7
– No able trade with NA so switch sides against them
7 years war (In america)
1756-63
Alt Name
French and Indian war 1756-63
7 years war (In america)
1756-63
End and Treaty of Paris 1763
Britain wins
results in British Victory concluded by treaty of Paris 1763
– France gives Brit all its NA colonys east if missisipi to Brit (Incl Canada)
– Brit gets french jamacia
– Spain gives Brit Florida
– West of Missisipi and Louisiana goes to Spain
– France no longer has a major pressence in North America
Native americans now souly can trade with British and Colonists as no more french in area so nobody to side with against britain
so ^trade relations
Colonists like Brit cuz shared sence of endeavour against france + Patriotism + think can do expansion cuz beat french colonys that were in the way
Evidence of Weakening Colonist-British relationship by 1763
• Colonists devsloping very rapidly so may be more tempted by independence
• Salutary Neglect = more automony than dependancy on Brit
– Colonists not just British also German, Dutch, ect so Less feel want be British
• 1763 if B show up now Am would perceive it as a threat to their Automony even if it wasnt
– Am think B is Snoby and B think Am is Rough
• cuz of war Colonys = eco closer so less dependent on Mercantilism system
– want new trade budys
– think can do w/o
– Smuggle goods in anyway cuz not enforced
• French gone from canada so dont feel the British need to Protect them as much
– + Am soldiers trained in the war
Evidence of Strengthining Colonist-Britain relationship by 1763
.
• B united all 13 colonies against France = Unity, Shared Endeavour, 25K+ am join Militias in war strengthning bonds
– B4 (and still) all sepperate with own Gov, laws, intrests and intercolonial quarels over boarders
– Still all have own monerty systems not 1 overall so if 1 eco broke not effect all of them
• All still share B heritage with Language and Law
• Nobody wanted or forsaw Seperation with Brit
– Amry + post office still british
• no french = more guarenteed Mercantile trade so guarenteed growth
• increased automony and nationaism and population doesnt mean want independence
– Canada had all same factors in 1775 but didnt try start a war
1763 Reform to customs in Am to reduce smuggling
1763 Customs refomation:
• Customs officials must live in america
– (to reduce Deputys being paided off to allow smuggling when doing their job)
• Court cases involving smuggling sent to Nova Scotia to reduce colonists being Leniant towards them and allowing trade
= reduce Smuggling and reinforcing mercantilism system
– liklye displeases colonists
1764 Curency act (am)
1764 curency act
• Bans colonial paper money
– (As British Merchants Prefer british sterling)
(Reduces Curency freedom of the 13 colonies and requres them to either use coins or pound sterling)
1764 Shugar Act (am)
1764 Shugar act
• reduces tax on foregin (Mainly from B west indies) molasses (and shugar, wine, coffee ect.) from 6d to 3d
• Enforced
– £500 fine and removed from post if officials found to be accepting bribes to negate the tax
• only in New England
• Act passed easily in Parliment
– despite deducing the tax it makes more money cuz the tax b4 was being bribed away so they never got any
• Fact that B policy is being enforced angers americans who were happy bypassing the laws b4
Why Colonists opposed Shugar act 1764
• No taxation without representation
– Am not think fair to be taxed if no rep in parl
• Concerned over expand british control
– e.g. Earl of Bute (King george’s Tutor) = PM (ppl thinj he influences kings decisions in america (he wasnt even PM anymore tho)
– Also Large Peacetime standing army in america = suspitious and threat to liberty
– Increase in Whigism in Am (Whig = Libs)
– Not 18th cent B whigs tho, more like 1st English whigs
– Conserned with Resisting Arbitary power (Monarch do what want)
– upholidng pop’s rights
– defending institutions rep and intergrity
• ^Whigism cuz influence of early 17th cent whig writings of Conspiracys to undermine traditional freedoms
– So it was supported in colonys
How colonists oppose the shugar act 1764
• John Wilkes, James Otus pamphlet rights of brit, messages to london, comply, stamp
• John wilkes (radical British mp, co-editor of North-Briton journel)
Demands:
– Freedom of press
– more democratic parliment
1763 = critisised the king + ministers as corrupted
– Arrested and imorisoned
– freed and then convicted of Libel so fleed to France
– Deemed a Hero by British and Americans
– Show Gov trample on British and American libertys
1765
– 9 colonial assemblys send msgs to London arguing parl abuse power with shugar act
– Didnt argue against British reg of trade
– didnt agree with British raise revenue by tax am
Books:
– James Otus Pamphlet 1764:
“Rights of the British colonies asserted and Proved”
– Critisises Parliment agg to Colonys and argues No tax in am w/o colonial concent
BUT
Most am comply with shugar act and few are directly effected by it (only New England)
– this gives Grenville (PM) confidence to issue the stamp act
Why does britain want to increase its authority in 1763?
• defence consern (more western borders = more NA attacks)
• had to gov 80K french canadians across language and religious barriers
• coherant policy needed to solve issues with: land settlment, fur trade, NA
• needed to reduce illegal Smuggling halming empire trade
• Some polititians mad at am colonist govs for not contributing enough to the war
• Feb 1763 Earl Of Bute is Nee PM decideds 10K trops needed as a perminent army in North Am and AM ppl should contribute to its expense
Prime Minister grenville’s funding problem April 1763
• George Granville was the Prime Minister in April 1763 and want to increase the tax in the colonies to reduce the national debt which annually is £4.4 mill
– while the government annually income is only £8 mill which isn’t enough to play it and to have the government function properly
• the Colonial defence and administration costs 70k in 1748
– but in 1763 it Risen to 350k which was worrying as a needed money to maintain the 10K troops in America
• Grenville stated Americans should pay the tax to contribute towards their own defense as they pay less tax than the average Briton
• am won’t like this as it means that they make it less money so they are less prosperous therefore they may want autonomy
The Pontiac rebellion 1763
The Pontiac Rebellion 1763
• chief Pontiac of the Ottawa tribe feared More Land was to be taken by the Settlers
– so he led a revolt and destroyed most British posts west of Niagara killing and capturing settlers
• Native American Revolution spread when they heard the chief Pontiac was also attacking
• British Forces eventually attacked and bribes members of the iroquois away from pontiac and other tribes to stay neutral
• Brits paid for further soldiers to defeat the other NA
• the British involvement in the rebellion to protect the colonies shows higher levels of involvement and intervention in the 13 colonies
– this had been scarce before 1763 with the previous policies of salutory neglect showing a shift in attitude
The proclamation line 1763
1763 Proclamation line
• The British Government declared that colonist settlement
was to be a line by the Appalachian mountains any land west would not be counted.
• This was to be a temporary line to appease the Native Americans and to halt the fighting between NA and British + Colonists
• this angered some colonies such as Virginia who has claim to Western land
• as well as frontiersmen who were people who lived near the border or in Native American territory
– surviving in a hostile environment
• there’s also anger’s land speculators
• colonists for fighting in the seven-year war was for expansion so when there wasn’t any
– they was a little bit angry and a little bit sad
– sangly
• however this did not spark serious discontent as it was only a line drawn on a map to say the NA on one side whereas the colonists on the other
– therefore this line wasn’t really enforced so after 1763 30K Americans moved West to look for needed land
– by 1768 Britain had accepted the breakdown of the line
