Development of aspects of human across the life span Flashcards
relationship with parents
birth - 2: attachment to primary caregiver
2 - 4: no longer need parents constent attention
4-10: parents actively socialise their childern
theory of mind
ability to interpret one’s own/others’ emotions/mental state. understanding individuals have unique motives/perspectives
birth to 4: infants pay attention and respond to emotional expression of others )recognise emotions of others/ their likes and dislikes)
4 to onwards: understand peoples behaviour to get what they want (understand people hold false beleif/dont always show what they feel/ predict how people feel and act)
self-regulation
control one’s own emotions and behavior
up to 18M: parents’ guidance needed
18M to 3Y: begining of independence
3 onwards: use of own stratergies eg. hugging fav toy for comfornt when upset
Eric Erikson
physiological crisis: each stage of life faces specific social dilemmas if resolved well lead to healthy development and satisfying life. if trouble resolving leads to difficulty dealing with later issues.
What are the 8 stages of Eric Erikson?
1) trust VS mistrust (0-18M): infants uncertain about the world, look towards parents for stability and consistent care. if care is reliable they develop a sense of trust that carries with to other relationships.
2) Autonomy VS Shame (18m-3Y): developing independence and own skills which are autonomy. too dependent = doubt own skills.
3) initiative VS guilt (3-5Y): plan activities and play with others. if given develops a sense of initiative and security in their leading skills/decision making.
4) industry VS inferiority (5-12Y): feel the need to win approval by demonstrating skills that are valued by society. develop pride in achievements. if child is messy they feel sense of inferiority. self-image is shaped by peers, teachers, parents.
5) identity VS role confusion (adolescents): re-examine identity and find out who they are. if they are not sure about their place in society it leads to confusion.
6) intimacy isolation (young adulthood): build close relationships and experience love once established stable identity. lack of intimacy leads to isolation and feeling alone.
7) Generativity VS stagnation (middle age): guiding next generation through family/career. Fail = feel segmented/unproductive
8) intergrity VS Despair (late adulthood): reflection back on life with satisfaction/acceptance. if seen unproductive leads to feeling guilty about past/unaccomplished=develope dispair/depression
What are the 5 Partens stages of play?
1) solidarity play: play alone with toys, uninterested/aware of what others are doing
2) onlooker play: observe others but does not join
3) parallel play: play next to each other but lack group involvement, mimic each other
4) associated play: play together but no common goal
5) cooperative play: teamwork seen. leaders, roles, goal-directed
cognitive development Piage
processes that occur due to biological maturation/interaction with the environment, explain how a child constructs a mental model of the world.
1) schema: concepts/mental framework that people use to organize/interpret info Eg. existing schema of a dog as 4-legged/hairy
2) assimilation: using an existing schema to deal with a new object/situation Eg. sees horse yells dog as it fits existing schema
3) accommodation: when existing schema does not work and needs to be changed to deal with new situation Eg. parents explain its a horse and point out differences and similarities
what is the first developmental stage of Piaget
1) sensorimotor (0-2):
info gained from senses/motor actions eg. touching, mouthing, looking, listening. object permanence which is knowing an object exists when it’s hidden. ability to form mental representations (schema) of objects. Tested: ball and blanket before OP child act toy diapered after OP they know it’s still there.
what is the second developmental stage of Piaget
2) preoperational (2-7Y):
understand language but not logic.
- centration: focus on one aspect of a situation
- egocentrism: cannot take another person’s perspective/POV eg. 3 mountains
- animism: believe inanimate objectives have feelings and thoughts.
what is the third developmental stage of Piaget?
3) concrete opertational (7-11Y):
able to think logically/carry out mental operations working with concrete materials. can reason hypothetically (sarcasm)
- key achievements: understand conversation, objects do not change in weight, area, volume simply because it change shape.
- classification: group objects with common properties eg ordering people from tallest to shortest
what is the fourth developmental stage of Piaget?
4) formal operation (11-adulthood):
ability to think logically about abstract principles. logically test hypothetical situations
- abstract thinking: thinking without seeing/feeling materials to be able to understand. eg. honesty
- logical thinking: strategies to work through problems systematically, develop hypotheses, test until solutions are found.
- hypothetical deductive reasoning: think scientifically when predicting/guessing about the world to answer questions
physical development Gross motor skills
up to 2: sitting crawling, standing, walking
2-6Y: running, skipping, throwing, catching
7-10Y: combining movement/skills eg, dancing
11-12Y: specialised skills eg, gymanstics
Physical development fine motor skills
6M: reaching the object with 1 hand
1Y: pincer grip
2Y: turn knobs
3Y: manipulate play dough
4Y: writes name
5Y: hold pencil tripod grip
the role of play
- permits expression of developing motor skills eg. playing, running
- organized play at school fine motor skills eg. cutting, writing
- enhances children social emotional development through intractions with others/different materials
