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MSK 1!!! > development MSK > Flashcards

development MSK Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the mesoderm? Medial to lateral

A

Notochord, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral Plate mesoderm

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2
Q

The somite comes from the paraxial mesoderm.

Name the derivatives of the somite?
What are their functions?

A 
Sclerotome (cartilage)
Syndetome (tendons)
Myotome (skeletal muscle) 
Dermatome (dermis, skeletal muscle)
Endothelial cells (dorsal aorta)
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3
Q

When does paraxial mesoderm become somites?

A

End of week 3

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4
Q

How many pairs of somites are there?

A

Initially 38-39 pairs

After 5 weeks: 42-44

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5
Q

What part of somite does the SCLEROTOME come from?

A

Ventromedial part (through EMT)

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6
Q

What part of somite does the DERMOMYOTOME come from?

A

Dorsal part

It eventually splits into dermatome and myotome

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7
Q

What part of somite does the SYNDETOME come from?

A

Intermediate part

between sclerotome and myotome

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8
Q

What region of the sclerotome does the VERTEBRAL BODY come from?

A

Ventral Region

makes sense because it is closest to notochord and will wrap around

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9
Q

What region of the sclerotome does the VERTEBRAL ARCH AND SPINE come from?

A

Dorsal Cells

will surround neural tube

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10
Q

What region of the sclerotome does the TRANSVERSE PROCESS AND RIBS come from?

A

Lateral cells

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11
Q

How are sclerotomes subdivided in cranial/caudal portions?

A

Cranial= loose packed
Caudal= densely packed
Divided by intersegmental boundary (aka von Ebner’s fissure)

Due to gene expressivity and cell density

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12
Q

When do sclerotome cells condense around notochord?

A

End of week 4

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13
Q

How is a centrum formed?

A

dense (caudal) cells merge with loose (cranial) cells from next caudal sclerotome.

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14
Q

Where do intersegmental arteries lie?

A

On each side of the vertebral body

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15
Q

Why do we have 8 cervical nerves but only 7 cervical vertibrae?

A

Because the sclerotome from the occipital bone lies above C1

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16
Q

What becomes part of the nucleus pulposus?

A

The notochord. If it is not lost by adult, will form a cordoma (cancer)

17
Q

What forms annulus fibrosis?

A

the caudal cells forming circular fibers around nucleus pulposis

18
Q

When/ Where do ribs form?

A

During week 5. On costal processes of T vertebrae

cartilaginous during embryo, ossify during fetal period

19
Q

Where do sternal bars arise from?

A

somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

20
Q

When and in what direction do sternal bars fuse?

A

10 weeks. ventrolateral and move medially

21
Q

What axis do Hox genes code for?

A

cranial-caudal (vertebral identity)

22
Q

What gene is important at thoracic/ lumbar junction?

A

Hox10 (stops rib formation)

23
Q

What can cervical ribs cause?

A

thoracic outlet syndrom.

Impinge on brachial plexus and/ or subclavian artery –> paresthesia

24
Q

What is Pectus excavatum?

A

‘Funnel chest’
Depressed sternum, sunken posteriorly.
From extra cartilage weight
(more common in male)

25
Q

What is Pectus carinatum?

A

‘Pigeon chest”
Sternal fusion anomoly
bilateral flattening of chest with anterior protrusion

26
Q

What is epithelial mesenchymal transformation?

A

Myotomes become skeletal muscles of trunk and limbs

27
Q

How do myoblasts form?

A

elongation of nuclei and bodies of mesenchymal cells (if MYOD expressed)

28
Q

Product of myoblast fusion?

A

Myotubes

cylindrical, multinucleated structure

29
Q

What forms in cytoblasm of myotubes?

A

myofilaments

30
Q

Myotome divide into ______ and _______?

A

epimere and hypomere

31
Q

Epaxial division forms ____?

A

extensor muscles of necks and back.

ex: erector spinae and transversospinalis

32
Q

Hypaxial

Cervical myotomes:

A

scalene, prevertebral, geniohyoid, diaphram, and infrahyoid muscles

33
Q

Hypaxial

Thoracic myotomes:

A

lateral and ventral flexor ms. of vertbral column

34
Q

Hypaxial

Lumbar myotomes

A

quatratus lumborum

35
Q

Hypaxial

Sacrococccygeal myotomes:

A

pelvic floor ms. striated ms. of anus and sex organs

36
Q

What innervates epaxial muscles?

A

Dorsal ramus

37
Q

What innervates hypaxial muscles?

A

ventral ramus

38
Q

What is Poland Syndrome?

A

absent pec minor, partial pec major
ipsilateral migration
associated with syndactyly or brachydactyly
more in males

39
Q

What is prune- belly syndrom?

A

Partial/complete loss of abdominal ms.
distended abdomen
Cryptochidism (testes don’t descend)
Malformation of UT and bladder

MSK 1!!! (10 decks)

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