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CFD > Development (L5-L9) > Flashcards

Development (L5-L9) Flashcards

1
Q

Name the primary germ layers

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
  • Neural Crest/Ecto-mesenchyme
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2
Q

Where does ectoderm come from and what does it develop into?

A

From epiblast; develop into: skin, neural tube etc.

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3
Q

Where does mesoderm come from?

A

From the migratory cells of the epiblast layer

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4
Q

Where does endoderm come from

A

from the hypoblast layer

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5
Q

When do pharyngeal arches appear?

A

in the 4th-5th week

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6
Q

What lines the outer surface of the pharyngeal arches?

A

Ectoderm

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7
Q

What lines the inner surface of the pharyngeal arches?

A

Endoderm

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8
Q

What does each pharyngeal arch contain?

A

An artery, nerve, cartilage, muscles

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9
Q

What is the 1st arch?

A

Mandibular arch

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10
Q

What cartilage is in the 1st arch?

A

Meckel’s cartilage

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11
Q

What does meckel’s cartilage form

A
  • Bones: Incus & Malleus

- Ligaments: Sphenomandibular & Sphenomalleolar

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12
Q

What does the 1st arch give rise to?

A
  • body of tongue

- muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, pterygoid, mylohyoid, anterior body of digastric)

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13
Q

Which nerve supplies the mandibular arch?

A

CN V (Trigeminal)

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14
Q

Which arteries supply the 1st/ mandibular arch?

A

Carotid / Maxillary artery

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15
Q

Name a disease caused by the degeneration of the mandibular arch

A

Treacher-Collin’s syndrome

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16
Q

What is the 2nd arch called?

A

Hyoid arch

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17
Q

Which cartilage is in the 2nd arch

A

Reichert’s cartilage

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18
Q

What forms from the Reichert’s cartilage?

A

Stapes, Lesser horn and superior hyoid body, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament

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19
Q

Which muscles form from the hyoid arch?

A

Muscles of facial expression and posterior belly of digastric muscle

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20
Q

Which nerve supplies the hyoid arch?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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21
Q

What does the 2nd arch give rise to?

A
  • Thyroid gland

- Tonsil

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22
Q

Which nerve supplies the 3rd arch?

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)

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23
Q

Which muscle does the 3rd arch supply

A

Stylopharyngeus muscle

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24
Q

What does the 3rd arch form?

A
  • greater horn of hyoid
  • inferior hyoid body
  • root of the tongue
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25
Q

What cartilage does the 4th arch give rise to?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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26
Q

What structures does the 4th arch give rise to?

A

Pharynx & Epiglottis

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27
Q

Which nerve supplies the 4th arch?

A

CN X (Vagus) - superior laryngeal branch

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28
Q

Which muscles do the 4th arch form?

A

Pharyngeal constrictor and muscles of the soft palate

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29
Q

Which nerve supplies the 6th arch?

A

CN X (Vagus) - Inferior laryngeal nerve

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30
Q

What does the 1st cleft/groove give rise to?

A

External auditory meatus; Ear drum

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31
Q

What does the 1st pouch give?

A
  • Eustachian tube
  • Middle ear cavity
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Ventral part obliterated by tongue
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32
Q

What does the 2nd pouch give?

A

Tonsillar fossa & Ventral part obliterated by tongue

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33
Q

What does the 3rd pouch give?

A

Inferior parathyroid gland & Thymus

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34
Q

What does the 4th pouch give?

A

Superior parathyroid gland (will fuse with the inferior one)
Also becomes the parafollicular (C cells) associated with the thyroid gland that produces calcitonin

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35
Q

Name the 5 facial processes

A

Frontonasal process, paired maxillary process, paired mandibular process

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36
Q

When does development of the face start?

A

At 4 weeks

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37
Q

What is “fusion” VS true fusion?

A

“Fusion” involves the fusion of prominences by elimination of furrow whereas true fusion involves the fusion of separate processes

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38
Q

Name an example of “fusion”

A

Between the medial nasal prominence

39
Q

Give an example where true fusion takes place

A

Between the medial nasal prominence and the maxillary process

40
Q

Which facial structure does the frontonasal prominence contribute to?

A

Forehead, bridge of nose

41
Q

Which facial structure does the medial nasal prominence contribute to?

A

Philtrum of lip, crest and tip of the nose

42
Q

Which facial structure does the lateral nasal prominence contribute to?

A

Alae of nose

43
Q

Which facial structure does the maxillary prominence contribute to?

A

Cheeks, lateral upper lip

44
Q

Which facial structure does the mandibular prominence contribute to?

A

Lower lip

45
Q

What do mesenchymal cells give?

A

Osteoblasts and chondroblasts

46
Q

When does ossification of the mandible begin?

A

Week 6-7

47
Q

When does ossification of the maxilla begin?

A

Week 8

48
Q

When does ossification of the palate and nasal capsule begin?

A

Week 8

49
Q

What is the primary palate derived from?

A

Medial nasal prominences (part of frontonasal prominence)

50
Q

What is the secondary palate formation?

A

It is the contact of lateral palatal shelves at the midline.

51
Q

What is the function of the secondary palate?

A

It separates the nasal airway and the oral cavity

52
Q

State the functions of the secondary palate

A
  1. Mastication (Bolus formation)
  2. Sensation of taste and texture
  3. Speech
53
Q

Describe the growth of the palatal shelves

A

Initially, the palatal shelves develop medially and downwards. At week 8, they then rapidly elevate (flip upwards into a horizontal orientation) and grow towards each other.

54
Q

Name a source of extrinsic force involved in palatal shelve elevation

A

Tongue - withdrawal of the tongue due to head lifting from cardiac plate; Meckel’s cartilage growth in the 1st pharyngeal arch and increased height of nasal cavity

55
Q

Describe the intrinsic shelf force w.r.t palatal shelve elevation

A
  • A turgor pressure is generated by hydration of the extracellular matrix by hyaluronan, a glycosaminoglycan (GAG).
  • Proliferation of mesenchymal cells result in shortening via contractile microfilaments produces the force
  • Partly directed by Type I collagen which provides strength and is very flexible
56
Q

Name 3 sources of palatal fusion problems

A
  1. Lack of matrix factors (lack of expression of HA by HA synthase 1/2/3)
  2. Failure to fuse (completely/incompletely) - cleft palate
  3. Epithelial remnants - epithelial cell rests/ cystic potential
57
Q

What allows the fusion of palatal shelves with just itself and not with other epithelial?

A

Specific sticky surface glycoprotein

58
Q

How does the midline disintegrate during fusion of the palatal shelves?

A

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition - switching of epithelial cells to mesenchymal

59
Q

What precedes the mandible?

A

Meckel’s cartilage

60
Q

What does Meckel’s cartilage precede?

A

Mandible

61
Q

What role does Meckel’s cartilage play in mandible formation?

A

It serves as a template for the formation of the mandible (bone formation follows the line of cartilage)

62
Q

What structure(s) does the posterior extremity of Meckel’s cartilage give?

A

Malleus of inner ear & Sphenomalleolar ligament

63
Q

Where is the position of the Meckel’s cartilage?

A

It extends from the otic capsule (bony capsule of developing inner ear) to a midline symphysis

64
Q

Where is the primary ossification site of the mandible?

A

Between the incisive and mental nerve

65
Q

Is there a change in ossification type of mandible from primary to secondary cartilage sites?

A

Yes, from intramembranous ossification to endochondral ossification

66
Q

Name some growth factors involved in the formation of the mandible

A

VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)
TGFB (transforming growth factor-beta)
BMPs

67
Q

What forms where the mandibular bone envelopes the inferior alveolar nerve?

A

Mental foramen

68
Q

Name the 3 mandibular secondary cartilage

A
  1. Symphyseal
  2. Coronoid
  3. Condylar
69
Q

State when the symphyseal cartilage appear and disappear

A

Appears at 16 weeks

Disappears at 1st year after birth

70
Q

State when the coronoid cartilage appear and disappear

A

Appears at 14-16 weeks

Disappears before birth

71
Q

State when the condylar cartilage appear and disappear

A

Appears at 10-12 weeks

Disappears at about 20 years of age

72
Q

Function of the condylar cartilage

A

Produces cartilage when jaw starts to work; allowing endochondral sites formation

73
Q

Function of the symphyseal cartilage

A

Allows for fusion of the 2 mandible when it disappears

74
Q

How is the primary cartilage different from the secondary cartilage?

A
  • Primary cartilage uses intramembranous ossification whereas secondary cartilage uses endochondral ossification
  • Primary cartilage has hyaline cartilage; Secondary cartilage has fibrocartilage
  • Primary cartilage uses interstitial growth; Secondary cartilage uses appositional growth
75
Q

List 3 developmental abnormalities of the mandible

A
  1. Agnathia - no mandible
  2. Micrognathia - very small mandible
  3. Macrognathia - very large mandible
76
Q

What results in agnathia and micrognathia?

A

Lack of ectomesenchyme in the mandibular arch

77
Q

What disorder is macrognathia associated with?

A

Genetic; pituitary disorders - e.g. acromegaly

78
Q

When does development of the tongue start?

A

at 4 weeks iul

79
Q

Which pharyngeal arch is involved in the development of the tongue?

A

Arch 1, 3, 4

80
Q

Which part of the tongue does pharyngeal arch 1 form

A

anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

81
Q

Which part of the tongues does pharyngeal arch 3 form?

A

posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

82
Q

What does pharyngeal arch 4 form in relation to the tongue

A

Tongue muscles

83
Q

What is the anterior 2/3rd and posterior 1/3rd of the tongue separated by?

A

Sulcus terminalis

84
Q

What does the first pharyngeal arch contain in relation to the tongue?

A

2 lingual swelling &

1 tuberculum impar (medial swelling)

85
Q

What does the third pharyngeal arch contain in relation to the development of the tongue?

A

Hypobranchial eminence

86
Q

What causes the detachment of the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue?

A

Ectoderm grows between anterior 2/3rd of the tongue and the underlying arch. Ectoderm degenerates except in the midline, resulting in separation of tongue except for the midline frenulum.

87
Q

Where does the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue come from and name its general sensory sensation innervation

A

Pharyngeal arch 1;

CN V

88
Q

Where does the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue come from and name its general sensory sensation innervation

A

Pharyngeal arch 3;

CN IX

89
Q

Name the 3 types of tongue development abnormalities that could occur

A
  1. Failure of fusion
  2. Imperfect detachment - ankyloglossia
  3. Growth disorders
90
Q

What growth disorders of the tongue can there be?

A
  1. Aglossia
  2. Microglossia - small tongue
  3. Macroglossia - large tongue
91
Q

Which pharyngeal arch does the thyroid gland develop from?

A

Arch 2

92
Q

What is the development of the thyroid gland associated with?

A

Tongue development

93
Q

What follows the formation of the thyroid tissue?

A

Disintegration of the thyroglossal duct

94
Q

Name 3 abnormalities of thyroid development

A
  1. Ectopic thyroid gland
  2. Persistent thyroglossal duct
  3. Pathological changes to remnants of the thyroglossal duct (Thyroglossal cyst / Thyroglossal fistula)

CFD (4 decks)

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