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Abi Geography 2016 > Development Issues > Flashcards

Development Issues Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development?

A

It is about how countries, regions and settlements change, progress and improve over time

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2
Q

When does development happen?

A

It is constantly happening

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3
Q

What kinds of things is development about?

A

Money and wealth
Health and happiness
The state of the environment

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4
Q

Who is responsible for development?

A

People

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5
Q

How can we compare the development of different countries?

A

By examining indicators

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6
Q

What do indicators show?

A

Important aspects of the way people live

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7
Q

What is an MEDC?

A

More economically developed countries

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8
Q

What is an LEDC?

A

A Less Economically Developed Country

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9
Q

What are the three aspects of development?

A

Economic
Social
Environmental

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10
Q

What do economic indicators do?

A

They inform us about the wealth and income of a country or region

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11
Q

Give 3 examples of economic indicators

A

How much money people spend on luxury goods
The number of computers in a society
How much electricity a country uses

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12
Q

What’s the most common economic indicator?

A

GDP

GDP per capita

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13
Q

Why is GDP per capita used as an economic indicator?

A

It shows how much money each person in a country would earn in a year if the profit of a country was divided equally amongst the population

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14
Q

What is GDP measured in?

A

US dollars

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15
Q

Why is GDP measured this way?

A

Using one currency makes it easier to compare different countries

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16
Q

How do you get the GDP per capita?

A

The Gross Domestic Product dived by the population

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17
Q

What do social indicators measure?

A

Conditions in the society that affect people’s quality of life

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18
Q

Give 3 examples of social indicators

A

Health
Education
Housing

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19
Q

In poorer countries without government help what happens?

A

Health problems lead to a shorter life expectancy

Higher infant mortality rates

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20
Q

Which social indicators are most commonly used?

A

Infant mortality
Literacy
Life expectancy

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21
Q

What do environmental indicators do?

A

They show the impact of human activity on the environment and natural resources

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22
Q

Why is the environment important to humans?

A

It provides people with the resources needed to create wealth and live a comfortable life

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23
Q

Give 4 examples of environmental indicators

A

The percentage of polluting gases in the atmosphere
The drop in fish stocks in the oceans
The quantity of non-renewable resources which are used
The quality of water in the rivers and lakes

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24
Q

Why are environmental indicators measured for development?

A

Many countries are highly developed, but at the cost of the environment and resources, so are not sustainable

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25
Q

What needs to happen for development to continue into the future?

A

There needs to be a balance between economic, social and environment goals

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26
Q

What happens to the soil when it has been overused by crops and animals?

A

Soil is washed or blown away

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27
Q

What is HDI?

A

Human Development Index

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28
Q

What is the Human Development Index?

A

An indicator that includes social and economic indicators

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29
Q

What three aspects does HDI measure?

A

Health
Education
Living Standards

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30
Q

How does HDI measure health?

A

It looks at life expectancy at birth

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31
Q

How does HDI measure education?

A

Average years of schooling

Expected years of schooling

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32
Q

How does HDI measure living standards?

A

GDP per capita

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33
Q

Give 3 examples of countries with a very high HDI

A

Canada
USA
New Zealand

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34
Q

Give 3 examples of countries with a high HDI

A

Brazil
Mexico
Russia

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35
Q

Give 3 examples of countries with a medIum HDI

A

South Africa
India
China

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36
Q

Give 3 examples of countries with a low HDI

A

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Madagascar
Pakistan

37
Q

What type of jobs are taken most in a MEDC?

A

Mainly in manufacturing and services

38
Q

What kind of jobs are taken most in an LEDC?

A

Mainly in farming

High unemployment

39
Q

What is the population growth in an MEDC?

A

Slow-people have smaller families

Birth control programmes in place

40
Q

What is population growth in an LEDC?

A

Rapid- people have large families

Little to no birth control

41
Q

What is the energy consumption like in an LEDC?

A

Low-wood most common form of energy

42
Q

What is the energy consumption like in a n MEDC?

A

High- lots of factories

43
Q

Why are development statistics for countries misleading?

A

A country can have rich and poor regions

44
Q

In SA, which province has the highest infant mortality rates?

A

Eastern Cape

45
Q

In SA, which province has the lowest infant mortality rates?

A

Western Cape

46
Q

In SA, which province has the highest percentage of under 18 year olds living in poverty?

A

Limpopo

47
Q

In SA, which province has the lowest percentage of under 18 year olds living in poverty?

A

Western Cape

48
Q

In SA, which province has the highest life expectancy?

A

Western Cape

49
Q

In SA, which province has the lowest life expectancy?

A

Kwa-Zulu Natal

50
Q

What are 6 reasons for differences in development?

A 
Historical reasons
Political stability
Education
Health and Welfare
Technology and industrialisation
Trade
51
Q

What is a historical reason for development?

A

Colonialism

52
Q

How can colonialism affect development?

A

Colonised countries will be poorer than the countries that colonised them

53
Q

Why does colonialism affect development?

A

Colonising countries stole the resources from countries they colonised, so the will be richer and have more resources
The colonising countries were also able to control trade

54
Q

What is globalisation?

A

A continuation of the unequal trading relationship that begun under colonialism

55
Q

What are multinationals?

A

Companies that own businesses in countries that are not their own

56
Q

How do multinationals work?

A

They take advantage of LEDCs to get resources and goods for low prices, then sell them for high prices in MEDCs

57
Q

How can trade hold back development?

A

Rich countries pay low prices for raw materials
Workers and producers get low wages
Poor people do not have enough money
Sometimes people are poorly fed and unhealthy
Governments cannot collect enough taxes to provide social services such as education and healthcare
People do not become more skilled

58
Q

How can trade lead to development?

A

Countries receive higher prices for their products
Workers and producers receive higher wages
Governments can collect more taxes and provide basic social services such as education and health care
People become for skilled: they begin to develop industries that process raw materials and manufacture goods
People are healthier
Countries sell manufactured goods at higher prices

59
Q

How can technology and industrialisation improve development?

A

Manufactured goods cost more money and can therefore improve the economy of countries that sell these items

60
Q

How can technology and industrialisation harm development?

A

Countries may sell their resources to try and get manufactured products rather than improving their economy and making these items themselves

61
Q

How did Tanzania try to improve their development?

A

They worked mainly on agriculture and tried not to import goods, but rather to make these items themselves

62
Q

How did Tanzania’s plan improve their development?

A

Education levels rose
Rural areas developed
Poor areas became more independent

63
Q

How did South Korea develop?

A

Reduced the need to import products
Developed export industries
Developed modern technology

64
Q

How did South Korea reduce the need for imports?

A

Invested in local industries, like electricity generation, oil refining, fertilisers, cement, steel manufacture and chemical industries

65
Q

How did South Korea develop export industries?

A

They produced, TVs car and computers

They invested in education and training to produce skilled workers

66
Q

How did South Korea develop modern technology?

A

Exported high-technology products such as
Space technology
Bio-engineering
Micro electronics

67
Q

How do health and welfare improve development?

A

People who are healthy, have good nutrition and have good quality housing are more likely to attend school and go to work

68
Q

How can health and welfare harm development?

A

Sick or malnourished people are unlikely to go to work or school, detriment ing their education. They are also more likely to be killed by natural diastema and diseases

69
Q

What factors can raise and improve development?

A 
Health care
Nutrition
Basic municipal services: water, toilets, electricity
Job opportunities
Education and skills training 
Housing
Roads and transport
Security and peace of mind
70
Q

What does education do in terms of development?

A 
Reduces poverty
Makes societies more equal
Increases wealth
Creates a stable society
Produces skilled workers
Helps fight HIV
Spreads knowledge
71
Q

Why does education lead to better development?

A

It spread knowledge about diseases and how to prevent them
It gives people the skills to get better jobs
It provides the skills to create manufactured goods and better quality products

72
Q

What is political stability?

A

Places that are not experiencing war, political disturbances or social unrest

73
Q

How does political instability affect development?

A

Countries that are politically unstable will not be able to run smoothly, which damages the economy
Places where things such as war are going on can reduce the housing available and increase the risk of death, which lowers life expectancy

74
Q

What is an a way that development can be improved?

A

More equitable trading relationships

75
Q

What are more equitable trading relationships?

A

Relationships where goods are bought and sold for similar prices in trading countries

76
Q

What is a trade gap?

A

When LEDCs get paid less for goods than MEDCs

77
Q

Why are goods different prices in different countries?

A

LEDCs produce raw materials which are cheaper than the processed goods sold by MEDCs

78
Q

How can trade gaps be prevented?

A

Raw materials can be processed in the countries where they are made, rather than exporting them to be processed in other countries

79
Q

How did Sei Lanka improve the price of tea?

A

They created factories(jobs) to process tea into teabags, so that it could be exported at a higher price than raw tea

80
Q

What is alternative development?

A

It focuses on providing basic human needs and producing services

81
Q

What is conventional development?

A

Focuses more on developing economic growth

82
Q

How does conventional development work?

A

Uses modern technology and industrialisation as the focus of development
Local people have limited participation
May increase inequalities
Focus is on economic growth
Is controlled by powerful businesses, international organisations and governments
Favours development in urban areas

83
Q

How does alternative development work?

A 
Focuses on basic needs
Supports rural communities
Emphasises people's quality of life
Involves people in making decisions
Prefers a participatory approach
Aims to empower people
84
Q

What are basic needs?

A 
Water
Health
Shelter
Transport
Housing
Education
85
Q

Give 9 aspects of alternative development

A 
Health
Basic infrastructure
Community development
Education
Agricultural development 
Improved markets
Environmental production
Gender equality 
Security rule of law
86
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Providing for people’s needs in a way that can continue far into the future

87
Q

What does sustainable development do?

A

Develops local skills
Uses local resources
Does not need large amounts of money
Is careful not to damage the environment
Does not use up too many resources
Makes use of simple and appropriate technology
Encourages small scale community projects
Uses and cares for renewable resources

88
Q

What is sustainable tourism?

A 
It pays fair wages
Provides safe and comfortable working conditions 
Shows respect for human rights
Shows respect for other cultures 
Shows respect for the environment
89
Q

What are factors of Fair Trade in Tourism?

A 
Fair share of the profits
Fair wages
Fair working conditions
Sustainable development
Community development opportunities 
Access to new markets

Abi Geography 2016 (4 decks)

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