Development Issues Flashcards
1
Q
What is development?
A
It is about how countries, regions and settlements change, progress and improve over time
2
Q
When does development happen?
A
It is constantly happening
3
Q
What kinds of things is development about?
A
Money and wealth
Health and happiness
The state of the environment
4
Q
Who is responsible for development?
A
People
5
Q
How can we compare the development of different countries?
A
By examining indicators
6
Q
What do indicators show?
A
Important aspects of the way people live
7
Q
What is an MEDC?
A
More economically developed countries
8
Q
What is an LEDC?
A
A Less Economically Developed Country
9
Q
What are the three aspects of development?
A
Economic
Social
Environmental
10
Q
What do economic indicators do?
A
They inform us about the wealth and income of a country or region
11
Q
Give 3 examples of economic indicators
A
How much money people spend on luxury goods
The number of computers in a society
How much electricity a country uses
12
Q
What’s the most common economic indicator?
A
GDP
GDP per capita
13
Q
Why is GDP per capita used as an economic indicator?
A
It shows how much money each person in a country would earn in a year if the profit of a country was divided equally amongst the population
14
Q
What is GDP measured in?
A
US dollars
15
Q
Why is GDP measured this way?
A
Using one currency makes it easier to compare different countries
16
Q
How do you get the GDP per capita?
A
The Gross Domestic Product dived by the population
17
Q
What do social indicators measure?
A
Conditions in the society that affect people’s quality of life
18
Q
Give 3 examples of social indicators
A
Health
Education
Housing
19
Q
In poorer countries without government help what happens?
A
Health problems lead to a shorter life expectancy
Higher infant mortality rates
20
Q
Which social indicators are most commonly used?
A
Infant mortality
Literacy
Life expectancy
21
Q
What do environmental indicators do?
A
They show the impact of human activity on the environment and natural resources
22
Q
Why is the environment important to humans?
A
It provides people with the resources needed to create wealth and live a comfortable life
23
Q
Give 4 examples of environmental indicators
A
The percentage of polluting gases in the atmosphere
The drop in fish stocks in the oceans
The quantity of non-renewable resources which are used
The quality of water in the rivers and lakes
24
Q
Why are environmental indicators measured for development?
A
Many countries are highly developed, but at the cost of the environment and resources, so are not sustainable
25
What needs to happen for development to continue into the future?
There needs to be a balance between economic, social and environment goals
26
What happens to the soil when it has been overused by crops and animals?
Soil is washed or blown away
27
What is HDI?
Human Development Index
28
What is the Human Development Index?
An indicator that includes social and economic indicators
29
What three aspects does HDI measure?
Health
Education
Living Standards
30
How does HDI measure health?
It looks at life expectancy at birth
31
How does HDI measure education?
Average years of schooling
| Expected years of schooling
32
How does HDI measure living standards?
GDP per capita
33
Give 3 examples of countries with a very high HDI
Canada
USA
New Zealand
34
Give 3 examples of countries with a high HDI
Brazil
Mexico
Russia
35
Give 3 examples of countries with a medIum HDI
South Africa
India
China
36
Give 3 examples of countries with a low HDI
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Madagascar
Pakistan
37
What type of jobs are taken most in a MEDC?
Mainly in manufacturing and services
38
What kind of jobs are taken most in an LEDC?
Mainly in farming
| High unemployment
39
What is the population growth in an MEDC?
Slow-people have smaller families
| Birth control programmes in place
40
What is population growth in an LEDC?
Rapid- people have large families
| Little to no birth control
41
What is the energy consumption like in an LEDC?
Low-wood most common form of energy
42
What is the energy consumption like in a n MEDC?
High- lots of factories
43
Why are development statistics for countries misleading?
A country can have rich and poor regions
44
In SA, which province has the highest infant mortality rates?
Eastern Cape
45
In SA, which province has the lowest infant mortality rates?
Western Cape
46
In SA, which province has the highest percentage of under 18 year olds living in poverty?
Limpopo
47
In SA, which province has the lowest percentage of under 18 year olds living in poverty?
Western Cape
48
In SA, which province has the highest life expectancy?
Western Cape
49
In SA, which province has the lowest life expectancy?
Kwa-Zulu Natal
50
What are 6 reasons for differences in development?
```
Historical reasons
Political stability
Education
Health and Welfare
Technology and industrialisation
Trade
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51
What is a historical reason for development?
Colonialism
52
How can colonialism affect development?
Colonised countries will be poorer than the countries that colonised them
53
Why does colonialism affect development?
Colonising countries stole the resources from countries they colonised, so the will be richer and have more resources
The colonising countries were also able to control trade
54
What is globalisation?
A continuation of the unequal trading relationship that begun under colonialism
55
What are multinationals?
Companies that own businesses in countries that are not their own
56
How do multinationals work?
They take advantage of LEDCs to get resources and goods for low prices, then sell them for high prices in MEDCs
57
How can trade hold back development?
Rich countries pay low prices for raw materials
Workers and producers get low wages
Poor people do not have enough money
Sometimes people are poorly fed and unhealthy
Governments cannot collect enough taxes to provide social services such as education and healthcare
People do not become more skilled
58
How can trade lead to development?
Countries receive higher prices for their products
Workers and producers receive higher wages
Governments can collect more taxes and provide basic social services such as education and health care
People become for skilled: they begin to develop industries that process raw materials and manufacture goods
People are healthier
Countries sell manufactured goods at higher prices
59
How can technology and industrialisation improve development?
Manufactured goods cost more money and can therefore improve the economy of countries that sell these items
60
How can technology and industrialisation harm development?
Countries may sell their resources to try and get manufactured products rather than improving their economy and making these items themselves
61
How did Tanzania try to improve their development?
They worked mainly on agriculture and tried not to import goods, but rather to make these items themselves
62
How did Tanzania's plan improve their development?
Education levels rose
Rural areas developed
Poor areas became more independent
63
How did South Korea develop?
Reduced the need to import products
Developed export industries
Developed modern technology
64
How did South Korea reduce the need for imports?
Invested in local industries, like electricity generation, oil refining, fertilisers, cement, steel manufacture and chemical industries
65
How did South Korea develop export industries?
They produced, TVs car and computers
| They invested in education and training to produce skilled workers
66
How did South Korea develop modern technology?
Exported high-technology products such as
Space technology
Bio-engineering
Micro electronics
67
How do health and welfare improve development?
People who are healthy, have good nutrition and have good quality housing are more likely to attend school and go to work
68
How can health and welfare harm development?
Sick or malnourished people are unlikely to go to work or school, detriment ing their education. They are also more likely to be killed by natural diastema and diseases
69
What factors can raise and improve development?
```
Health care
Nutrition
Basic municipal services: water, toilets, electricity
Job opportunities
Education and skills training
Housing
Roads and transport
Security and peace of mind
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70
What does education do in terms of development?
```
Reduces poverty
Makes societies more equal
Increases wealth
Creates a stable society
Produces skilled workers
Helps fight HIV
Spreads knowledge
```
71
Why does education lead to better development?
It spread knowledge about diseases and how to prevent them
It gives people the skills to get better jobs
It provides the skills to create manufactured goods and better quality products
72
What is political stability?
Places that are not experiencing war, political disturbances or social unrest
73
How does political instability affect development?
Countries that are politically unstable will not be able to run smoothly, which damages the economy
Places where things such as war are going on can reduce the housing available and increase the risk of death, which lowers life expectancy
74
What is an a way that development can be improved?
More equitable trading relationships
75
What are more equitable trading relationships?
Relationships where goods are bought and sold for similar prices in trading countries
76
What is a trade gap?
When LEDCs get paid less for goods than MEDCs
77
Why are goods different prices in different countries?
LEDCs produce raw materials which are cheaper than the processed goods sold by MEDCs
78
How can trade gaps be prevented?
Raw materials can be processed in the countries where they are made, rather than exporting them to be processed in other countries
79
How did Sei Lanka improve the price of tea?
They created factories(jobs) to process tea into teabags, so that it could be exported at a higher price than raw tea
80
What is alternative development?
It focuses on providing basic human needs and producing services
81
What is conventional development?
Focuses more on developing economic growth
82
How does conventional development work?
Uses modern technology and industrialisation as the focus of development
Local people have limited participation
May increase inequalities
Focus is on economic growth
Is controlled by powerful businesses, international organisations and governments
Favours development in urban areas
83
How does alternative development work?
```
Focuses on basic needs
Supports rural communities
Emphasises people's quality of life
Involves people in making decisions
Prefers a participatory approach
Aims to empower people
```
84
What are basic needs?
```
Water
Health
Shelter
Transport
Housing
Education
```
85
Give 9 aspects of alternative development
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Health
Basic infrastructure
Community development
Education
Agricultural development
Improved markets
Environmental production
Gender equality
Security rule of law
```
86
What is sustainable development?
Providing for people's needs in a way that can continue far into the future
87
What does sustainable development do?
Develops local skills
Uses local resources
Does not need large amounts of money
Is careful not to damage the environment
Does not use up too many resources
Makes use of simple and appropriate technology
Encourages small scale community projects
Uses and cares for renewable resources
88
What is sustainable tourism?
```
It pays fair wages
Provides safe and comfortable working conditions
Shows respect for human rights
Shows respect for other cultures
Shows respect for the environment
```
89
What are factors of Fair Trade in Tourism?
```
Fair share of the profits
Fair wages
Fair working conditions
Sustainable development
Community development opportunities
Access to new markets
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