Development in Utero Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the developmental stages in utero

A

1-zygote-fusion of gametes to 16 cells
2-morula-day 3 clump of cells undergoing mitosis
4-blastocyst-day 4/5-20 inner cell mass to bilaminar disc
5-embryo-day 21-56 from somites through organogenesis
6-fetus week 9 to birth

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2
Q

Name the different structures of the ovum from outer to inner

A

-corona radiate-outer cell layer
-zona pellicuda
-membrane
-cortical granule
-mitochondria, nucleus, chromosomes

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3
Q

Describe the events that occur during fertilization

A

1-conception
2-sperm pentrates the corona radiate and zona pellicuda
3-acrosome secretes enzymes that digest the zona pellucida of the ovum
4-sperm binds to plasma membrane of the ovum and enters the cell
5-depolarisation of cell membrane of the fertilised ovum and release of calcium ions to prevent polyspermy
6-genetic info of the sperm fuses with the ovum nucleus to complete fertilization
-zygote formed

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4
Q

Describe the structure of the zygote

A

-46 chromosomes total
-number of chromosomal changes occur and bring together male and female chromosomes to form a diploid cell within the first 2-3 hours following fertilisation
-first mitotic division occurs- proccess is called cleavage

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5
Q

What happens during cleavage?

A

-2-3 hrs after=2 cells
-1 day after=4 cells
2 days after= 8 cells
3 days after=16 (Morula)
-morula remains within the zona pellucida, prevents implantation in the fallopian tubes due to its smooth surface

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6
Q

Describe the development of the blastocyst

A

-blastocyst shape changes so there is an outer layer of cells- trophoblast and inner cell mass and a blastocyctic cavity

-embryoblast ( inner mass) differentiates into two layers ( epiblast and hyperblast) together these form the bilaminar embryonic disc

-bilaminar embryonic disc differentiates into the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm ( primary germ layers)

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7
Q

What is implantation?

A

Blastocyst has travelled into the uterus and is ready to be embedded into the upper posterior wall of the uterus

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8
Q

What happens during implantation?

A

-7-10 days after fertilisation
-before implantation endometrium becomes ready- decidualisation
-endometrial glands accumulate glycogen, growth factor proteins which supply the blastocyst with essential nutrients until 9 weeks

-endometrium only receptive for implantation for a short time period
-trophoblast cells make inital contact with endometrium
-cytotrophoblast and syncitiophoblast then formed
-blastocyst is quickly enveloped by folds of the endometrium and trophoblasts rapidly proliferate

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9
Q

Describe the structure and function of trophoblasts

A

-from 16-23 cells the outer surface changes to the trophoblast
-trophoblast layer becomes the fetal part of the placenta
-the inner cell mass of blastocyst becomes the fetus
-decidua basalis
-upon implantation hCG hormone produced trophoblast cells to maintain corpus luteum

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10
Q

What is the decidua basalis?

A

the maternal part of the placenta is formed from the endometrium where the implantation occurred

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11
Q

What happens in gastrulation? ( week 3)

A

-cells in the embryo begin to invaginate
-the amnion ( fetal side membrane) begins to develop
-the 3 primary germ layers start to develop from bilaminar embryonic disc
-3 layers eventually form all of the tissues and organs
-gastrulation is complete when all three layers are present

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12
Q

What is invagination?

A

embryos fold back on themselves to create a cavity

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13
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

A

-ectoderm
-endoderm
-mesoderm

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14
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

-CNS
-sensory epithelia of eye, ear, nose
-dermis, hair, nails
-mammary glands
-pituitary glands
-subcutaneous glands
-enamel of teeth

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15
Q

What does the mesoderm become?

A

-skeleton,
-muscles,
-kidneys,
-heart,blood,lymph
-cartilage and bone
-connective tissue
-striated and smooth muscle
-gonads
-spleen
-adrenal gland cortex

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16
Q

What does the endoderm become?

A

-GI tract
-lungs/respiratory system
-liver
-biliary system

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17
Q

What other things form during gastrulation?

A

-yolk sac and amniotic cavity
-primordial mouth and anus form
-notochord form - gives rise to primitive axis of the body
-neurulation= neural tube and neural crest form from primitive streak
2nd and tertiary chorionic villi begin to form

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18
Q

Describe structures of the extra embryonic membrane

A

-chorion-part of placenta and facilitates gas exchange, nutrients and waste
-blood cells in yolk sac
-blood vessels of allantois are part of the umbilical cord
-amnion contains fluid that cushions and protects the embryo

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19
Q

What is the allantois?

A

temporary respiratory organ and store for fetal excretions

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20
Q

What happens to embryo- day 21 onwards?

A

-organogenesis
-heart= first organ to function
-neural tube closes
-somite development formed from mesoderm
-limb buds day 28
-primordial eye and ear day 28
-ongoing proliferation and differentiation

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21
Q

How is fetal circulation established?

A

-day 15 mesoderm of yolk sac
-isolated blood islands
-angioblasts- 1st cells, primitive endothelium
-haemoblasts-primitive cells
-vessels very hyperplastic
-day 18 blood in embryo
-day 25 basic circulation

22
Q

How does the heart form?

A

-In the mesoderm- intraembryonic coelom ) is formed. It then separates into 2 layers
(tubes)
-Day 20- endocardial tubes (1 each side)
-Blood islands develop in each tube
-Two tubes meet, grow, merge, twist
-Proliferation, differentiation, specialisation
-Sensitive to environmental conditions
-Congenital abnormalities

23
Q

How do the lungs develop?

A

-Day 28 – tracheo-
oesphageal fold
-Budding to develop
bronchi
-Week 5-17 -
pseudoglandular
-Week 16-25 –
canalicular stage –
growth of capillary
network
-Week 24 - birth –
terminal sac
-Birth to age 8 - alveolar

24
Q

How is the gut formed?

A

-Day 28 tube from mouth to anus and bulges
start to form – stomach
-Involves yolk sac which has to be enclosed
into abdominal cavity
-From day 40 undergoes proliferation and
series of rotations

-Liver and gall bladder develops from buds
(same as lungs)

25
Q

Describe fetal development weeks 9-12

A

-Eyelids meet and fuse, fingernails form
-Gut within abdomen develops
-The fetus CRL(crown rump length is approx. 55-60 mm)
-The uterus is still a pelvic organ

26
Q

What screening test are offered to detect abnormalities?

A

-Up to 12 weeks: infectious diseases (blood test)
–Up to 10 weeks: sickle cell and thalassaemia (blood test)
– 10-14 weeks: (US scan and blood test) for genetic conditions e.g. Trisomy 21 (Down’s syndrome), trisomy 13 (Patau’s
syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)

27
Q

Describe fetal development week 13-16

A

-Ossification, lanugo, brown fat, moving sucks
thumb
-The uterus is now an abdominal organ
-Fetal movements can start to be felt from 16
weeks onwards

28
Q

Describe fetal development week 17-20

A

-Sebaceous glands active – vernix present
-Myelination of spinal cord where a layer of myelin
forms around the axons which allows the nerve
impulses to travel
-Eyelids remain closed

-Screening offered (between 18-21 weeks): US
Scan for 11 physical conditions e.g. congenital
heart defect

29
Q

Describe fetal development week 21-25

A

-Viability week 24
-A baby born after 24 weeks gestation will be
treated in NICU. As the lungs are not fully
developed the baby will need assistance with
breathing

30
Q

Describe fetal development week 26-29

A

Eyes open, scalp hair, testes in scrotum
Skin thickens

31
Q

Describe fetal development week 30 onwards

A

-Brain myelination
-Lungs now fully developed
-Brown fat stores laid down
-Full term (when the fetus is fully
developed) is said to be 37-42 weeks
gestation

32
Q

Function of the placenta in pregnancy?

A

-Zygote embedded in
endometrium
-Nourished by uterine secretions
until placenta established
-Placenta secretes progesterone:
prevents uterine contractions
-After 40 weeks oestrogen &
oxytocin promote uterine
contractions

33
Q

What is the structure of the placenta?

A

-Made up of embryonic tissue & uterine wall
-Chorionic villi of the chorion project into the uterine
wall to facilitate exchange between fetus and mother
-Umbilical cord carrier fetal blood to & from the
placenta
-Fetal and maternal blood do not mix, but antibodies,
viruses & a variety of chemicals (hormones & drugs)
can cross the placenta into the fetus

34
Q

Main roles of the placenta?

A

-Allow diffusion of oxygen, nutrients & wastes
-Remove waste products and CO2
-Provide a protective barrier against micro-
organisms
-Provide a protective barrier between mother and
fetus who are genetically and immunologically
different
-Produces hormones (human chorionic
gonadotrophin, oestrogen and progesterone

35
Q

Source and stimulus of FSH

A

source-anterior pituitary
-stimulus GnRH

36
Q

Source and stimulus of LH

A

source-anterior pituitary
-stimulus GnRH

37
Q

Source and stimulus of oestrogen

A

source-Developing follicles &
corpus luteum
After 6 wks of pregnancy:
placenta

Stimulus-FSH (and LH)

38
Q

Source and stimulus of progesterone

A

source-Corpus luteum
After 6 wks of pregnancy:
placenta
stimulus- LH

39
Q

Primary and secondary effects of FSH

A

P-Stimulate
maturation of
ovarian follicle
s-Stimulates
production of
oestrogen

40
Q

Primary and secondary effects of LH

A

P-Stimulate
maturation of
ovarian follicles, ovulation
s-Stimulates
production of
oestrogen and progesterone

41
Q

Primary and secondary effects of oestrogen

A

p-Growth & maturation of
reproductive organs &
breasts; promote
proliferative phase of the
uterine cycle; facilitate
oogenesis; stimulate
capacitation of sperm;
stimulate growth of uterus
and mammary glands in
pregnancy

s-Promote long bone growth
& feminisation of the
skeleton; inhibit bone
resorption; promote female
pattern of fat deposit;
female libido, etc.

42
Q

Primary and secondary effects of progesterone

A

P-Facilitates growth of breasts;
promotes secretory phase;
during pregnancy quiets the
myometrium and enhances the
ability of mammary glands to
produce milk; increases body
temperature

43
Q

What is the function of hCG during pregnancy?

A

Acts like LH to maintain corpus luteum
(and preventing menstruation), normally corpus luteum
atrophies

44
Q

What is the function of oestrogen during pregnancy?

A

-myometrial hypertrophy
-external genitalia enlargement
-softening of pelvic ligaments

45
Q

What is the function of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

-Proliferation of endometrium
-inhibition of uterine
contractions
-development of alveoli in mammary glands

46
Q

What is the function of prolactin during pregnancy?

A

Milk production when oestrogen falls after parturition.

Inhibits FSH release and ovulation after parturition

47
Q

What is the function of relaxin during pregnancy?

A

-produced for the flexibility of tissue

48
Q

What is the function of oxytocin during pregnancy?

A

for uterine contractions during labour

49
Q

Define the first stage of labour

A

onset, regular painful contractions until the cervix reaches full dilation

50
Q

Describe the second stage of labour

A

from full dilation of the cervix until expulsion of the fetus

51
Q

Describe the third stage of labour

A

from expulsion of the fetus until the placenta and membranes delivered are complete