Development - How did you develop? Flashcards

Unit 1

1
Q

Brain

A

The organ in your head made up of nerves that processes information and controls behavior.

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2
Q

Forebrain

A

The anterior part of the brain including the hemispheres and the central brain structures. After 5 weeks, a fetus’s forebrain is split into 2 sections, the anterior and the posterior.

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3
Q

Midbrain

A

The middle section of the brain forming part if the central nervous system.

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4
Q

Hindbrain

A

The lower part of the brain that includes the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.

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5
Q

Anterior

A

Directed towards the front, when used in relation to our biology.

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6
Q

Posterior

A

Directed towards the back, when used in relation to our biology.

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A

An area of the brain near to. the brainstem that controls motor movements (muscle activity).

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8
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Connects the upper brain to the spinal cord and controls automatic responses.

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9
Q

Involuntary response

A

A response to a stimulus that occurs without someone making a conscious choice. They are automatic, such as reflexes.

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10
Q

Neural connections

A

Links formed by messages passing from one nerve cell (neuron) to another.

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11
Q

Cognitive

A

Thinking, including problem-solving, perceiving, remembering, using language and reasoning.

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12
Q

Operations

A

How we reason and think about things.

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13
Q

Object permanence

A

Knowing something exists out of out sight. Babies develop this around 6 months old.

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14
Q

Symbolic play

A

Children play using objects and ideas to represent other objects and ideas.

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15
Q

Egocentrism

A

Unable to see the world from any other viewpoint but one’s own.

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16
Q

Animism

A

Believing that objects are not alive can behave as if they are alive.

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17
Q

Centration

A

Focusing on one feature of a situation and ignoring other relevant features.

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18
Q

Irreversibility

A

Not understanding that an action can be reversed to the original state.

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19
Q

Morality

A

General principals about what is right and wrong, including good and bad behavior.

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20
Q

Schema/schemata (s) (development)

A

Mental representations of the world based on one’s own experiences.

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21
Q

Assimilation

A

Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.

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22
Q

Accommodation

A

When a schema has to be changed to deal with a new experience.

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23
Q

Adaptation

A

Using assimilation and accommodation to make sense of the world. Adjusting to the world as they experience new things.

24
Q

Equilibrium

A

When a child’s schemas can explain all that they experience; a state of mental balance.

25
Q

Subjective

A

Based on personal opinion or feelings.

26
Q

Validity

A

When the results of a study represent the situation they are testing (in real life).

27
Q

Mindset

A

A set of beliefs someone has that guides how someone responds to or interprets a situation.

28
Q

Ability

A

What someone can do, such as maths ability or ability to play tennis. Dweck suggested ability or ability can be seen as either fixed or innate or as able to be improved.

29
Q

Effort

A

When you try to do better using determination.

30
Q

Fixed mindset

A

Believing your abilities are fixed and unchangeable.

31
Q

Growth mindset

A

Believing practice and effort can improve your abilities.

32
Q

Working memory

A

Has different parts for processing information coming in from our sensed, including visual and sound data, and also involves a decision-making part.

33
Q

Short-term memory

A

Our initial memory store that is temporary and limited.

34
Q

Long-term memory

A

A memory store that holds potentially limitless amounts of information for up to a lifetime.

35
Q

Rehearse

A

Repeat information over and over to make it stick.

36
Q

Motor skills

A

Actions that involve muscles and brain processes, resulting in movement.

37
Q

Decentration

A

Being able to separate yourself from the world and take different views of a situation, so not being egocentric.

38
Q

Social learning

A

Learning by observing and copying others.

39
Q

Self-regulation

A

Explanation of behaviour that focus on innate factors (the things we are born with).

40
Q

Nurture

A

Explanations of behaviour that focus of environmental factors (the things that happen to us).

41
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data that is descriptive, not numbers, such as words or pictures.

42
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency of an outcome or result of an investigation (a measure).

43
Q

Framework

A

A basic understanding of ideas and facts that is used when making decisions.

44
Q

Person praise

A

Someone praises the individual rather than what they are doing.

45
Q

Process praise

A

Someone praises what is being done, not the individual.

46
Q

Entity theory/motivational theory

A

A belief that behaviour or ability results from a person’s nature.

47
Q

Incremental theory/motivational framework

A

A belief that effort drives behaviour and ability, which can change.

48
Q

Ecological validity

A

The extent to which the findings still explain the bahaviour in real life situations.

49
Q

Ethics

A

Moral principals about how someone should behave in a society.

50
Q

Debrief

A

After an investigation, participants are given full disclosure of the study.

51
Q

Generalisability

A

The extent to which the results of a study represent the whole populations, not just the sample used.

52
Q

Morals

A

Standards of right and wrong behaviour that can differ between cultures and can depend on the situation.

53
Q

Moral development

A

Children’s growing understanding about right and wrong.

54
Q

Heteronomous

A

Rules put into place by others.

55
Q

Autonomous

A

Rules can be decided by the individual person.

56
Q

Norms

A

Society’s values and customs, which a person in that society would be governed by.

57
Q

Nativist theories

A

Theories that view morality as part of human nature.