Development dynamics Flashcards
What is development
A term that measures how advanced the country is compared to others in terms of money and quality of life
What does economic, social, physical and mental development mean
– Economic – income, types of industry, security of jobs
– social – access to education, healthcare, leisure
– physical – diet, access to clean water, environment (climate ETEC)
– mental – freedom, security, happiness
Why aren’t economic development indicators always the best indicator of development
– The only show averages and they don’t consider social development, equality is not considered e.g. 1 million millionaires in China but 150 million live on less than $500 a year
– cost of living not considered e.g. Uganda is cheap to live in
– Richard does not always mean improvements in life – polluted, congested cities could worsen health and increased stress
What does GDP mean
Gross domestic product – the value of all of the goods and services produced within a country in a year divided by the population of that country – GDP per capita
What is the HDI
Human development index – combines health, education and wealth and he’s scored between 0 to 1
In terms of HDI, what counts as high, medium, and low development
– High – Larger than 0.8
– medium – 0.5 to 0.8
– low – less than 0.5
Why are some countries are ranked higher by HDI than GDP
– They have good health care and education but people are not wealthy
What do political development indicate to show, and what is an example and what does this mean
– Show what the government is likely to be doing for its country – is it well governed, is there freedom of speech and is there corruption
– corruption perception index (CPI) – measures the perceived honesty and governments and their departments
Describing example of how social measures of development can be linked
– A lack of clean water and medical care causes illness and as a result there is a lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and higher death rate
– as a country develops, the birthrate may decline due to improved education and female literacy as knowledge of birth control and opportunities for employment
What are the two theories about developments
WW Rostow
AG Frank
What was the general idea of Rostows theory
– Different levels – takeoff et cetera
What did Rostow believe with the levels of development – describe them, And what did he believe was needed in the transition between each one
– Traditional society – limited technology, static society… Transition triggered by external influence, interests or markets
– preconditions for takeoff – commercial exploitation of agriculture and extractive industry… Installation of physical infrastructure (roads, railways,) and emergence of social/political elite
– takeoff – development of a manufacturing sector… Investment in manufacturing exceeds 10% of national income, development of modern social, economic, and political institutions
– drive to maturity – development of wider industrial and commercial base…Exploitation of comparative advantages in international trade
– high mass consumption
What are problems with Rostow’s theory
It assumes that:
– all countries start at the same stage
– all countries start with the same resources e.g. climate
– it is based on 18th/19th century European countries
What are the aims, scale, control, funding, Technology and examples of bottom-up development
– Social development – smaller projects aimed at health, education or food supply on a local level
– small village or small urban slums
– local – community
– hundreds/ thousands – often by NGOs
– simpler intermediate technology needing less technical support
– Wells and pumps, schools, clinics, training for farmers, village energy products using animal dung
What does intermediate technology involve
Low tech, local people, easily repaired, local communities, fixed easily, cheap, local materials, afforded by poor in developing societies
