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Geography > Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development?

A

When a country is improving

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2
Q

What are the 3 aspects of development?

A
  • economic
  • social
  • political
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3
Q

Ways to measure development

A
  • gross domestic product (GPD)
  • GPD per capita
  • gross national income (GNI)
  • birth rate
  • death rate
  • fertility rate
  • infant mortality rate
  • maternal mortality rate
  • doctors per 1000 population
  • Gini coefficient
  • gender inequality index
  • human development index (HDI)
  • corruption perception index (CPI)
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4
Q

What is GDP (gross domestic product)?

A

The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year. Often given in US$

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5
Q

What is GPD per capita?

A

The GPD divided by the population of a country, also known as GDP per head

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6
Q

What is GNI (gross national income)?

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year including income from overseas

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7
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

Average number of births per woman

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8
Q

What is birth rate?

A

The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year

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9
Q

Infant mortality rate?

A

The number of babies that die under 1 year old per thousand babies born

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10
Q

Maternal mortality rate?

A

The number of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per hundred thousand births

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11
Q

Gini coefficient?

A

A measure of economic inequality. Countries are given a score between 0(equal) and 1 (total inequality)

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12
Q

What is human development index?

A

Number calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head

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13
Q

What is corruption perceptions index?

A

A measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on a scale of 1-100. Lower the score, the more corruption

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14
Q

Why can single indicators of development be misleading?

A

As a country develops some aspects develop before others

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15
Q

Factors that affect how developed a country is?

A
  • climate
  • education
  • colonialism
  • economic and political
  • health
  • neo-colonialism
  • topography (shape of land)
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16
Q

How does climate affect a countries development?

A
  • if climate is poor not much will grow. This reduces amount of food produced and can lead to malnutrition
  • fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services lowering their quality of life
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17
Q

How does education affect how developed a country is?

A
  • education produces more skilled workforce, means country can produce more goods and offer more services, this can bring money through trade or investment
  • educated people earn more so pay higher taxes, this provides money that they can spend of development
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18
Q

How does colonialism affect development?

A

-countries that were colonised are at lower level of development when they gain independence than they wud be if not colonised

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19
Q

How does economic and political affect development?

A
  • authoritarian government can put development policies in place without anyone stopping them, this can be good for economic development
  • corrupt government can hinder development
  • countries within good international relations are more likely to get good trade agreements. Can also get loans from international organisations for development projects
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20
Q

How does topography affect development?

A
  • if land is steep won’t produce a lot of food

- steep land can also make it hard to develop infrastructure, this can limit trade and hard to produce basic services

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21
Q

How can health affect development?

A
  • lack of clean water and health care means many more people suffer from diseases
  • people who are ill can’t work so they are not contributing to the economy. May also need expensive medicine and health care
  • lack of economic contribution and increased spending on healthcare means less money available to spend on development
22
Q

How does neo-colonialism affect development?

A
  • after colonies gained independence richer countries still controlled them indirectly
  • international organisations sometimes offer conditional loans, which means poorer countries have to develop in ways donors want them too
  • TNC exploit cheap labour and raw materials of countries
23
Q

Social and political consequences of global inequalities

A

-education:
Not as much money to invest in education, lack of education means people can get better paid jobs
-politics:
Increase political instability,more likely to have civil wars, dependent on richer countries, less influence over global decisions
-health:
Higher risk of disease, people find it hard to get health care and good quality food

24
Q

What is Rostows modernisation theory?

A

Predicts how a countries level of economic development changes over time

25
Q

What are the 5 stages of Rostows theory?

A
  1. Traditional society
  2. preconditions for take off
  3. Take-off
  4. Drive to maturity
  5. Mass consumption
26
Q

What happens in traditional society (stage one of Rostows theory)?

A
  • substance based
  • farming , fishing and forestry
  • little trade
27
Q

What happens during precondition for take off (stage 2 of Rostows theory)?

A
  • manufacturing starts to develop
  • infrastructure built
  • international trading begins
28
Q

What happens during take off (3rd stage of Rostows theory)?

A
  • rapid intensive growth
  • large-scale industrialisation
  • increasing wealth
29
Q

What happens during drive to maturity (4th stage of Rostows theory)?

A
  • economy grows
  • standards of living rise
  • widespread use of technology
30
Q

What happens during mass consumption (stage 5 of Rostows theory)?

A
  • lots of trade
  • goods are mass produced
  • people are wealthy, so high levels of consumption
31
Q

What is franks dependency theory?

A

Poorer, weaker countries stay poor because they are dependent on core countries

32
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Process of countries becoming more integrated

33
Q

How are TNCs increasing globalisation?

A
  • by linking together countries through the production and sale of goods
  • also bring culture from foreign countries
  • promotes culture of consumerism -people in emerging countries see goods developed countries have and want to have them too, making people lifestyles more similar
34
Q

How do governments increase globalisation?

A
  • free trade
  • investment
  • privatisation
35
Q

How have countries benefited from globalisation?

A
  • large, cheap workforce’s
  • government open to foreign investment
  • less strict environmental,labour and planning laws
  • lots of cheap raw materials
  • reasonable infrastructure
  • available land
36
Q

How is globalisation increasing global inequality?

A
  • free trade benefits richer countries- TNC profits go to headquarters which are often in developed countries, poorer countries struggle to compete
  • richer countries benefit from fewer movement of labour-skilled workers attracted by higher wages leaving ‘brain dead’ in poorer countries
37
Q

What is a top-down project?

A
  • A government or large organisation makes decisions about how to increase development and direct the project
  • used for large projects e.g hydroelectric damns or irrigation schemes
  • aims to solve large scale problems and improve lives of lots of people
38
Q

What is a bottom up project?

A
  • Local people and community decide on ways to improve things for their own community. Non-governmental organisations often involved
  • usually small scale e.g building or maintaining a well in a village
  • aim to improve quality of life for the poorest arms most vulnerable people in society
39
Q

Advantages of NGO-led development projects?

A
  • projects are designed to address the needs of local people where projects carried out
  • locally available,cheap materials so it isn’t dependent on expensive imports
  • projects are labour intensive and create jobs for local people
40
Q

Disadvantage of NGO-led projects?

A
  • projects often small scale, so may not benefit everyone

- different organisations may not work together, projects may be inefficient

41
Q

Advantages of IGO-funded projects.

A
  • can afford to fund large infrastructure projects
  • projects can help improve countries economy and long term development
  • provides jobs
  • projects can improve people quality of life
42
Q

Disadvantages of IGO-funded projects?

A
  • projects are expensive so country may have to pay back its loan, this can lead to a lot of debt
  • may not benefit everyone
  • if government is corrupt they use the money for their own purposes
  • projects tend to be energy intensive- use scarce resources and emit lots of greenhouse gasses which leads to loss of ecosystems
43
Q

Advantages of TNCs

A
  • provide employment
  • more companies means greater income from taxes for the host country
  • help development
  • may invest in infrastructure, this may improve life of locals
44
Q

Disadvantages of TNC

A

-some profits leave host country
-can cause environmental problems -developing countries have less strict regulations leading to dumping of toxic waste
—TNCs may move around country taking advantages of tax breaks, leaving people jobless as company moves on

45
Q

How have government policies helped development in India?

A
  • 1991 $2.2 billion in aid from IMF in exchange for government changing its economic policies
  • 2009 India ,ade primary education free and compulsory, more educated workforce fuels development
46
Q

Positive impacts of development in India?

A
  • all age groups have better health
  • some age groups have better education
  • there can be better gender equality
  • women have better access to contraception and family planning advice
47
Q

Negative impacts of development in India?

A
  • rapid industrialisation means young men may have to do dangerous jobs, working conditions may aloud be poor
  • young people move to find work so there are fewer workers in rural villages
  • still a lot of gender inequality
  • when men leave to work in cities women left to take care of entire household -balancing job and housework
48
Q

Environmental impacts of economic development in India?

A

-higher consumption means higher demand for fossil fuels. India releases almost 7% of all global greenhouse gas emissions
-more factories mean more air pollution e.g New Delhi toxic smog often forms
Urban sprawl leads to land and water pollution - lack of infrastructure means that about 70% of India’s sewage flows untreated into rivers

49
Q

India and the USA

A
  • used to have a poor relationship but it is improving
  • USA expects the economic development of India to increase trade, employment and economic growth in both countries
  • sees India as a huge market for renewable nuclear energy because of growing number of increasing wealthy people and growth of industry
50
Q

India and the EU

A
  • good relationship, been strategic partners since 2004
  • negotiations for free trade agreement began in 2007, the EU is one of India’s biggest markets and trading partners
  • EU supports health and education programmes in India to promote continued development
51
Q

Problems with TNC

A
  • cause environmental problems
  • large global retail chains can offer cheap prices on goods
  • TNCs could withdraw their business at any time

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