Development Dynamics Flashcards
What is development?
When a country is improving
What are the 3 aspects of development?
- economic
- social
- political
Ways to measure development
- gross domestic product (GPD)
- GPD per capita
- gross national income (GNI)
- birth rate
- death rate
- fertility rate
- infant mortality rate
- maternal mortality rate
- doctors per 1000 population
- Gini coefficient
- gender inequality index
- human development index (HDI)
- corruption perception index (CPI)
What is GDP (gross domestic product)?
The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year. Often given in US$
What is GPD per capita?
The GPD divided by the population of a country, also known as GDP per head
What is GNI (gross national income)?
The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year including income from overseas
What is fertility rate?
Average number of births per woman
What is birth rate?
The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year
Infant mortality rate?
The number of babies that die under 1 year old per thousand babies born
Maternal mortality rate?
The number of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per hundred thousand births
Gini coefficient?
A measure of economic inequality. Countries are given a score between 0(equal) and 1 (total inequality)
What is human development index?
Number calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head
What is corruption perceptions index?
A measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on a scale of 1-100. Lower the score, the more corruption
Why can single indicators of development be misleading?
As a country develops some aspects develop before others
Factors that affect how developed a country is?
- climate
- education
- colonialism
- economic and political
- health
- neo-colonialism
- topography (shape of land)
How does climate affect a countries development?
- if climate is poor not much will grow. This reduces amount of food produced and can lead to malnutrition
- fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services lowering their quality of life
How does education affect how developed a country is?
- education produces more skilled workforce, means country can produce more goods and offer more services, this can bring money through trade or investment
- educated people earn more so pay higher taxes, this provides money that they can spend of development
How does colonialism affect development?
-countries that were colonised are at lower level of development when they gain independence than they wud be if not colonised
How does economic and political affect development?
- authoritarian government can put development policies in place without anyone stopping them, this can be good for economic development
- corrupt government can hinder development
- countries within good international relations are more likely to get good trade agreements. Can also get loans from international organisations for development projects
How does topography affect development?
- if land is steep won’t produce a lot of food
- steep land can also make it hard to develop infrastructure, this can limit trade and hard to produce basic services
How can health affect development?
- lack of clean water and health care means many more people suffer from diseases
- people who are ill can’t work so they are not contributing to the economy. May also need expensive medicine and health care
- lack of economic contribution and increased spending on healthcare means less money available to spend on development
How does neo-colonialism affect development?
- after colonies gained independence richer countries still controlled them indirectly
- international organisations sometimes offer conditional loans, which means poorer countries have to develop in ways donors want them too
- TNC exploit cheap labour and raw materials of countries
Social and political consequences of global inequalities
-education:
Not as much money to invest in education, lack of education means people can get better paid jobs
-politics:
Increase political instability,more likely to have civil wars, dependent on richer countries, less influence over global decisions
-health:
Higher risk of disease, people find it hard to get health care and good quality food
What is Rostows modernisation theory?
Predicts how a countries level of economic development changes over time
What are the 5 stages of Rostows theory?
- Traditional society
- preconditions for take off
- Take-off
- Drive to maturity
- Mass consumption
What happens in traditional society (stage one of Rostows theory)?
- substance based
- farming , fishing and forestry
- little trade
What happens during precondition for take off (stage 2 of Rostows theory)?
- manufacturing starts to develop
- infrastructure built
- international trading begins
What happens during take off (3rd stage of Rostows theory)?
- rapid intensive growth
- large-scale industrialisation
- increasing wealth
What happens during drive to maturity (4th stage of Rostows theory)?
- economy grows
- standards of living rise
- widespread use of technology
What happens during mass consumption (stage 5 of Rostows theory)?
- lots of trade
- goods are mass produced
- people are wealthy, so high levels of consumption
What is franks dependency theory?
Poorer, weaker countries stay poor because they are dependent on core countries
What is globalisation?
Process of countries becoming more integrated
How are TNCs increasing globalisation?
- by linking together countries through the production and sale of goods
- also bring culture from foreign countries
- promotes culture of consumerism -people in emerging countries see goods developed countries have and want to have them too, making people lifestyles more similar
How do governments increase globalisation?
- free trade
- investment
- privatisation
How have countries benefited from globalisation?
- large, cheap workforce’s
- government open to foreign investment
- less strict environmental,labour and planning laws
- lots of cheap raw materials
- reasonable infrastructure
- available land
How is globalisation increasing global inequality?
- free trade benefits richer countries- TNC profits go to headquarters which are often in developed countries, poorer countries struggle to compete
- richer countries benefit from fewer movement of labour-skilled workers attracted by higher wages leaving ‘brain dead’ in poorer countries
What is a top-down project?
- A government or large organisation makes decisions about how to increase development and direct the project
- used for large projects e.g hydroelectric damns or irrigation schemes
- aims to solve large scale problems and improve lives of lots of people
What is a bottom up project?
- Local people and community decide on ways to improve things for their own community. Non-governmental organisations often involved
- usually small scale e.g building or maintaining a well in a village
- aim to improve quality of life for the poorest arms most vulnerable people in society
Advantages of NGO-led development projects?
- projects are designed to address the needs of local people where projects carried out
- locally available,cheap materials so it isn’t dependent on expensive imports
- projects are labour intensive and create jobs for local people
Disadvantage of NGO-led projects?
- projects often small scale, so may not benefit everyone
- different organisations may not work together, projects may be inefficient
Advantages of IGO-funded projects.
- can afford to fund large infrastructure projects
- projects can help improve countries economy and long term development
- provides jobs
- projects can improve people quality of life
Disadvantages of IGO-funded projects?
- projects are expensive so country may have to pay back its loan, this can lead to a lot of debt
- may not benefit everyone
- if government is corrupt they use the money for their own purposes
- projects tend to be energy intensive- use scarce resources and emit lots of greenhouse gasses which leads to loss of ecosystems
Advantages of TNCs
- provide employment
- more companies means greater income from taxes for the host country
- help development
- may invest in infrastructure, this may improve life of locals
Disadvantages of TNC
-some profits leave host country
-can cause environmental problems -developing countries have less strict regulations leading to dumping of toxic waste
—TNCs may move around country taking advantages of tax breaks, leaving people jobless as company moves on
How have government policies helped development in India?
- 1991 $2.2 billion in aid from IMF in exchange for government changing its economic policies
- 2009 India ,ade primary education free and compulsory, more educated workforce fuels development
Positive impacts of development in India?
- all age groups have better health
- some age groups have better education
- there can be better gender equality
- women have better access to contraception and family planning advice
Negative impacts of development in India?
- rapid industrialisation means young men may have to do dangerous jobs, working conditions may aloud be poor
- young people move to find work so there are fewer workers in rural villages
- still a lot of gender inequality
- when men leave to work in cities women left to take care of entire household -balancing job and housework
Environmental impacts of economic development in India?
-higher consumption means higher demand for fossil fuels. India releases almost 7% of all global greenhouse gas emissions
-more factories mean more air pollution e.g New Delhi toxic smog often forms
Urban sprawl leads to land and water pollution - lack of infrastructure means that about 70% of India’s sewage flows untreated into rivers
India and the USA
- used to have a poor relationship but it is improving
- USA expects the economic development of India to increase trade, employment and economic growth in both countries
- sees India as a huge market for renewable nuclear energy because of growing number of increasing wealthy people and growth of industry
India and the EU
- good relationship, been strategic partners since 2004
- negotiations for free trade agreement began in 2007, the EU is one of India’s biggest markets and trading partners
- EU supports health and education programmes in India to promote continued development
Problems with TNC
- cause environmental problems
- large global retail chains can offer cheap prices on goods
- TNCs could withdraw their business at any time
