Challenges Of An Urbanising World Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
The growth in proportion of a countries population living in urban areas
What is a megacity?
A city with 10million people living there
How does a primate city influence the country economically?
- investment-businesses often locate there
- migration-lots of jobs so people move there to find work
- transport-international ports and airports are often located there, encouraging further investment and migration
Examples of push factors?
- shortage of jobs or low wages
- poor standard of living
- poor healthcare and education
- war or conflict
- natural disasters
- a poor environment
Examples of pull factors
- more employment opportunities
- better standard if living
- better healthcare and education
- a safe place with litter crime or risk of natural disasters
- a cleaner environment
What is formal employment?
Officially recognised, there are rules about how many hours people can work, workers pay tax to the government out of the wages they earn
What is informal employment?
Employment that is unofficial, jobs aren’t taxed or regulated by the government.
What are the four different economic sectors?
Primary,secondary, tertiary and quaternary
What is the primary sector?
Involves collecting raw materials e.g farming, fishing,mining and forestry
What is the secondary sector?
Involves turning a product into another product (manufacturing), e.g making textiles, furniture, chemicals, steel and cars
What is the tertiary sector?
Providing a service- anything from financial services, nursing, retail to the police force and transport
What is the quaternary sector?
Is the information economy-e.g research and development
What stages do cities go through as they develop?
- urbanisation
- suburbanisation
- de-industrialisation
- counter-urbanisation
- regeneration
What can land in cities be used for?
- commercial
- industrial
- residential
What are the different land uses in cities?
Commercial
Industrial
Residential
What can you find in the central business district (CBD)?
Has commercial and public buildings, high density buildings and the meeting of major roads
What is in the inner city?
Mainly residential (low-class housing) and older industry. Short parallel roads of terraced housing and larger factory buildings
What is in the suburbs?
Mainly residential (medium-class housing), short curved streets and cul-de sacs
What is in the rural urban fringe?
Mix of commercial business parks and residential (high- class housing). More green space between built-up areas and clusters kg larger office buildings or shopping centres with car parks
Where is Lagos?
Nigeria
Where is Lagos located?
Atlantic western coast of Nigeria
What challenges does Lagos face?
- squatter settlements
- traffic congestion
- limited service provision
- poor employment conditions
- waste disposal
- water supply
How much of Lagos population live in slums?
Over 60%
Why does Lagos have some of the worst traffic congestion in the world?
- little investment in transport infrastructure
- public transport is limited
- CBD is on an island
What is wrong with Lagos water supply?
- 40% of the city connected to the state water supply, the pipes are old and rusty
- water often contaminated with sewage
- the state water company supplies less than half of what is needed
What ways are the government trying to improve Lagos?
- improving water supply
- reducing traffic congestion
- improving waste disposal
- improving air quality
Advantages of top-down projects
- can achieve large improvements
- can carry out higher-cost projects
- can address economic, social and environmental sustainability
Disadvantages of top-down projects
- often very expensive
- don’t always have support for the communities
- may not help those most in need
Advantages of bottom-up projects
- planned with the local community, can target those who need it the most
- often funded by donations
Disadvantages of bottom-up projects
- smaller scale projects so they reach fewer people
- funds may be limited
- can lack coordination
How are communities and NGOs trying to improve Lagos sustainability?
- improving health
- improving city housing
- improving education
