Development Dynamics Flashcards
What does the phrase ‘level of development’ mean?
A country’s wealth and its social and political progress
What are development indicators?
Measures of how a country is improving
What is the economic development indicator?
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
What are the social development indicators?
# Literacy rates # Access to safe drinking water
What does HDI stand for?
Human Development Index
What is the Human Development Index?
# The United Nations measure of development. It is measured between 0 and 1 using four indicators. It looks at health, wealth and education # Life expectancy # Literacy rates # Average length of schooling # GDP per capita
Why is the human development Index a better measure?
Because it is a composite index. It looks at 4 indicators so is more accurate
What is the problem with measuring development just by economic indicators?
Wealth can be distributed unevenly so is not an accurate reflection of the whole country.
What is meant by the term demographic
Population
What is meant by the demographic structure?
How the population is split into different age groups and different genders
What is birth rate?
Number of lives birth per 1000 people per year
What is death rate?
Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
What is fertility?
The average number of births per women
What is infant mortality?
Number of children per 1000 live births who die before their 1st birthday
What is life expectancy?
Average number of years a person can expect to live
What is maternal mortality?
Number of mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth
What is dependency ratio?
The proportion of people below (0-15) and above (over 65) working age added together and divided by the working population (16-64) multiplied by 100. The lower the number, the greater the number of people who work and are less dependent
What is the typical shape of a population pyramid of a developed country?
Rectangle
What is the population structure for a developing country?
Decreasing numbers of young dependents due to women focussing on careers, availability of contraception
Increasing numbers of elderly dependents due to better healthcare, better standard of living
What is the typical shape of a population pyramid for a developing country?
Triangle
What is the population structure for a developing country?
Large numbers of young dependents due to lack of contraception, high infant mortality rate, role of women
Low numbers of elderly dependents due to poor healthcare and low standard of living/diets
What is the North South divide?
The divide between countries in the north being richer countries and countries in the south being poorer
What are the physical and environmental barriers preventing Malawi from developing?
# Its landlocked # Rural isolation # Changing climate # Increased pollution
What are the economic and political barriers preventing Malawi from developing?
# Terms of trade # Colonisation # Cash crops # Global trade and international relations
How does topography impact level of development/global inequality
# Steep land – can’t farm/ build and therefore low incomes # Flat land – easy to farm and develop industry – higher incomes
How does climate impact level of development/ global inequality
If a country has a poor climate the country can’t farm - reduces how much food can be produced / lower incomes
How does colonialism impact level of development/ global inequality
Countries that were colonised are often at lower levels of development when they gain independence. Resources have been exploited/ workers treated like slaves
How does neo- colonialism impact level of development/ global inequality
Richer countries still control them indirectly. For example some TNC’S still exploit cheap labpur/ raw materials of poorer countries
What are the 2 theories about development?
Rostow and Frank
What are the 5 stages in Rostow’s theory?
- Traditional society
- Pre take off
- Take off
- Drive to maturity
- High Mass Consumption
In Frank’s theory, what is the core?
The developed powerful nations of the world e.g. North America and Europe
In Frank’s theory, what is the periphery?
Areas which produce raw materials to sell to the core
What is globalisation?
The ways in which countries become increasingly connected to each other
How has globalisation happened?
Trade Spread of technology Flows of investment in the other countries Outsourcing Culture
What is the Clark Fischer model?
A model to explain the changes in employment structures as countries develop their economies
What are the different types of jobs?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
What are primary jobs?
Jobs involving collecting resources from the natural environment e.g. farmers, fisher, miner
What are secondary jobs?
Making/ manufacturing products
What are tertiary jobs?
Jobs which provide a service to others e.g. healthcare jobs
What are quaternary jobs?
Specialist researchers, IT consultants
What type of country is India?
An emerging country
What is an emerging country?
One high - medium human development and recent economic growth
What makes India’s location good for trade?
Large coastline - ports can be built - trade easily with other parts of Europe and Asia
What can’t India trade northwards?
The Himalayas make it difficult
Why does India’s location deter TNC’S?
Nearby countries such as Iran/ Pakistan that are in conflict may deter investors
What does TNC stand for?
Trans National Corporation
What dies FDI stand for?
Foreign Direct Investment
What is Foreign Direct Investment?
The investment of money/trade/ organisations from one country to another
What is outsourcing?
Where a company moves services overseas because labour is cheaper
What type of outsourcing has happened in India?
Call centers
Software development
Company administration
Why are TNC’s attracted to India?
Cheaper labour
Cheaper land
Educated workforce (96% enrolled in school)
Extensive rail network carrying (8 billion passengers)
12 PORTS AND 2O INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS
Why did BT locate in India?
High percentage of English speaking population
Cheaper labout
Reduced taxes
What is rural - urban migration?
The movement of people from the countryside to the city
What are the positive SOCIAL impacts of economic development in India?
Urban Expansion
50% OF INDIANS NOW OWN PHONE
96% OF CHILDREN NOW ENROLLED IN SCHOOL
LITERACY RATES HAVE INCREASED FROM 34% TO 59%
Women marrying later due focusing on careers therefore birth and fertility rates are dropping
What are the negative Social impacts of economic development in India?
Young people may have to do dangerous jobs (lack of regulations)
Rural divide
Unsafe for women in urban areas crime increased by 20%
What are the economic impacts of development in India?
TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY INDUSTRIES NOW ACCOUNT 46%OF GDP
India is becoming rapidly wealthier
What is the multiplier effect?
The positive upward spiral of an effect
Why is Bihar not developing
Rural - Bihar High rates of poverty Undernourishment Businesses not attracted to the area Old people left
Why is Maharashtra developing faster?
More money spent spent in urban areas
Wealth spent improving education
Better infrastructure
Educated workforce
What are the environmental impacts of India’s growth?
Water pollution
Air pollution
Land pollution
Case Study detail environmental impacts on India’s growth
Industrialization = 7% of greenhouses gases emissions
Factories/ cars causes more air pollution (0.5 MILLION PEOPLE DIE)
70% of India’s sewage flows untreated into rivers
How is India’s global influence increasing?
- Larger role in internationals/ Global politics
- India is a member of international organisations
- Improving relationships with EU/USA
What are the costs/ benefits of changing international relations?
COSTS: Tension with China. Increase environmental problems TNC's are footloose BENEFITS: Cooperate with other countries on global issues
What are the top- down projects?
Development projects organised by the government on a large scale
Give an example of a top down development project in India
The Narmada River Scheme
Why was the Narmanda River Scheme introduced?
To store water so farmers can water their land
Provide drinking water
Provide electricity and industries
What is bottom up development?
Small scale projects where experts work with small communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and allow people to control their lives
Who runs bottom up development projects?
Non- governmental organisations such as charities. Locals get a say/ involved in the development
Give an example of a bottom up project in India
Biogas development
Describe the biogas development in India
Rural communities use cow dung to create gas called biogas which they then use to cook with
What are the benefits of the biogas development project India?
Produces smoke free kitchens so less lund disease
Heta is instant so cooking is quicker
There’s no ash so there is less cleaning
What are some of the challenges for India in the future?
Need to improve infrastructure
Resources are unevenly distribuuted
