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Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the phrase ‘level of development’ mean?

A

A country’s wealth and its social and political progress

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2
Q

What are development indicators?

A

Measures of how a country is improving

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3
Q

What is the economic development indicator?

A

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

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4
Q

What are the social development indicators?

A 
# Literacy rates
# Access to safe drinking water
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5
Q

What does HDI stand for?

A

Human Development Index

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6
Q

What is the Human Development Index?

A 
# The United Nations measure of development. It is measured between 0 and 1 using four indicators. It looks at health, wealth and education
# Life expectancy
# Literacy rates
# Average length of schooling
# GDP per capita
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7
Q

Why is the human development Index a better measure?

A

Because it is a composite index. It looks at 4 indicators so is more accurate

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8
Q

What is the problem with measuring development just by economic indicators?

A

Wealth can be distributed unevenly so is not an accurate reflection of the whole country.

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9
Q

What is meant by the term demographic

A

Population

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10
Q

What is meant by the demographic structure?

A

How the population is split into different age groups and different genders

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11
Q

What is birth rate?

A

Number of lives birth per 1000 people per year

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12
Q

What is death rate?

A

Number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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13
Q

What is fertility?

A

The average number of births per women

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14
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

Number of children per 1000 live births who die before their 1st birthday

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15
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

Average number of years a person can expect to live

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16
Q

What is maternal mortality?

A

Number of mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth

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17
Q

What is dependency ratio?

A

The proportion of people below (0-15) and above (over 65) working age added together and divided by the working population (16-64) multiplied by 100. The lower the number, the greater the number of people who work and are less dependent

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18
Q

What is the typical shape of a population pyramid of a developed country?

A

Rectangle

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19
Q

What is the population structure for a developing country?

A

Decreasing numbers of young dependents due to women focussing on careers, availability of contraception
Increasing numbers of elderly dependents due to better healthcare, better standard of living

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20
Q

What is the typical shape of a population pyramid for a developing country?

A

Triangle

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21
Q

What is the population structure for a developing country?

A

Large numbers of young dependents due to lack of contraception, high infant mortality rate, role of women
Low numbers of elderly dependents due to poor healthcare and low standard of living/diets

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22
Q

What is the North South divide?

A

The divide between countries in the north being richer countries and countries in the south being poorer

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23
Q

What are the physical and environmental barriers preventing Malawi from developing?

A 
# Its landlocked
# Rural isolation
# Changing climate
# Increased pollution
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24
Q

What are the economic and political barriers preventing Malawi from developing?

A 
# Terms of trade
# Colonisation
# Cash crops
# Global trade and 
international relations
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25
Q

How does topography impact level of development/global inequality

A 
# Steep land – can’t farm/ build and therefore low incomes 
# Flat land – easy to farm and develop industry – higher incomes
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26
Q

How does climate impact level of development/ global inequality

A

If a country has a poor climate the country can’t farm - reduces how much food can be produced / lower incomes

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27
Q

How does colonialism impact level of development/ global inequality

A

Countries that were colonised are often at lower levels of development when they gain independence. Resources have been exploited/ workers treated like slaves

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28
Q

How does neo- colonialism impact level of development/ global inequality

A

Richer countries still control them indirectly. For example some TNC’S still exploit cheap labpur/ raw materials of poorer countries

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29
Q

What are the 2 theories about development?

A

Rostow and Frank

30
Q

What are the 5 stages in Rostow’s theory?

A
  1. Traditional society
  2. Pre take off
  3. Take off
  4. Drive to maturity
  5. High Mass Consumption
31
Q

In Frank’s theory, what is the core?

A

The developed powerful nations of the world e.g. North America and Europe

32
Q

In Frank’s theory, what is the periphery?

A

Areas which produce raw materials to sell to the core

33
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The ways in which countries become increasingly connected to each other

34
Q

How has globalisation happened?

A 
Trade
Spread of technology 
Flows of investment in the other countries
Outsourcing
Culture
35
Q

What is the Clark Fischer model?

A

A model to explain the changes in employment structures as countries develop their economies

36
Q

What are the different types of jobs?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

37
Q

What are primary jobs?

A

Jobs involving collecting resources from the natural environment e.g. farmers, fisher, miner

38
Q

What are secondary jobs?

A

Making/ manufacturing products

39
Q

What are tertiary jobs?

A

Jobs which provide a service to others e.g. healthcare jobs

40
Q

What are quaternary jobs?

A

Specialist researchers, IT consultants

41
Q

What type of country is India?

A

An emerging country

42
Q

What is an emerging country?

A

One high - medium human development and recent economic growth

43
Q

What makes India’s location good for trade?

A

Large coastline - ports can be built - trade easily with other parts of Europe and Asia

44
Q

What can’t India trade northwards?

A

The Himalayas make it difficult

45
Q

Why does India’s location deter TNC’S?

A

Nearby countries such as Iran/ Pakistan that are in conflict may deter investors

46
Q

What does TNC stand for?

A

Trans National Corporation

47
Q

What dies FDI stand for?

A

Foreign Direct Investment

48
Q

What is Foreign Direct Investment?

A

The investment of money/trade/ organisations from one country to another

49
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

Where a company moves services overseas because labour is cheaper

50
Q

What type of outsourcing has happened in India?

A

Call centers
Software development
Company administration

51
Q

Why are TNC’s attracted to India?

A

Cheaper labour
Cheaper land
Educated workforce (96% enrolled in school)
Extensive rail network carrying (8 billion passengers)
12 PORTS AND 2O INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS

52
Q

Why did BT locate in India?

A

High percentage of English speaking population
Cheaper labout
Reduced taxes

53
Q

What is rural - urban migration?

A

The movement of people from the countryside to the city

54
Q

What are the positive SOCIAL impacts of economic development in India?

A

Urban Expansion
50% OF INDIANS NOW OWN PHONE
96% OF CHILDREN NOW ENROLLED IN SCHOOL
LITERACY RATES HAVE INCREASED FROM 34% TO 59%
Women marrying later due focusing on careers therefore birth and fertility rates are dropping

55
Q

What are the negative Social impacts of economic development in India?

A

Young people may have to do dangerous jobs (lack of regulations)
Rural divide
Unsafe for women in urban areas crime increased by 20%

56
Q

What are the economic impacts of development in India?

A

TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY INDUSTRIES NOW ACCOUNT 46%OF GDP

India is becoming rapidly wealthier

57
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

The positive upward spiral of an effect

58
Q

Why is Bihar not developing

A 
Rural - Bihar
High rates of poverty
Undernourishment
Businesses not attracted to the area
Old people left
59
Q

Why is Maharashtra developing faster?

A

More money spent spent in urban areas
Wealth spent improving education
Better infrastructure
Educated workforce

60
Q

What are the environmental impacts of India’s growth?

A

Water pollution
Air pollution
Land pollution

61
Q

Case Study detail environmental impacts on India’s growth

A

Industrialization = 7% of greenhouses gases emissions
Factories/ cars causes more air pollution (0.5 MILLION PEOPLE DIE)
70% of India’s sewage flows untreated into rivers

62
Q

How is India’s global influence increasing?

A
  1. Larger role in internationals/ Global politics
  2. India is a member of international organisations
  3. Improving relationships with EU/USA
63
Q

What are the costs/ benefits of changing international relations?

A 
COSTS:
Tension with China.
Increase environmental problems
TNC's are footloose
BENEFITS:
Cooperate with other countries on global issues
64
Q

What are the top- down projects?

A

Development projects organised by the government on a large scale

65
Q

Give an example of a top down development project in India

A

The Narmada River Scheme

66
Q

Why was the Narmanda River Scheme introduced?

A

To store water so farmers can water their land
Provide drinking water
Provide electricity and industries

67
Q

What is bottom up development?

A

Small scale projects where experts work with small communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and allow people to control their lives

68
Q

Who runs bottom up development projects?

A

Non- governmental organisations such as charities. Locals get a say/ involved in the development

69
Q

Give an example of a bottom up project in India

A

Biogas development

70
Q

Describe the biogas development in India

A

Rural communities use cow dung to create gas called biogas which they then use to cook with

71
Q

What are the benefits of the biogas development project India?

A

Produces smoke free kitchens so less lund disease
Heta is instant so cooking is quicker
There’s no ash so there is less cleaning

72
Q

What are some of the challenges for India in the future?

A

Need to improve infrastructure

Resources are unevenly distribuuted

geography (3 decks)

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