Development Dynamics Flashcards
Define level of development
A country’s wealth and social and political progress
Identify 5 things which classify Malawi as developing
GDP per capita of $900, 53% living below poverty line, 83% access safe drinking water, literacy rate of 61%, HDI of 0.41
Identify 5 things which classify India as emerging
GDP per capita of $5800, 30% living below poverty line, 94% access safe drinking water, literacy rate of 74%, HDI of 0.59
Identify 5 things which classify the UK as developed
GDP per capita is $37300, 16.2% living under poverty line, 100% access safe drinking water, 99% literacy rate, 0.89 HDI
Define GDP
The total value of goods a country produces in a year
Define poverty line
The minimum income required to meet someone’s basic needs - the world bank uses $1.25 per person per day
Define HDI
A measure made up of literacy rate, average years of schooling, life expectancy and GDP per capita. A rank from 0-1 and the higher the better
Define access to safe drinking water
The percentage of the population with access to a piped water supply within 1km
Define literacy rate
The percentage of the population over 15 who can read and write
Define corruptions perceptions index
A measure of how corrupt a government is (0 corrupt, 10 honest) which helps companies work out how safe their money would be invested in a country
Define birth rate
The number of live births per 1000 per year
Define death rate
The number of deaths per 1000 per year
Define dependency ratio
Proportion of people above of below average working age (under 15 and over 65) which is calculated by number of dependents divided by number of workers x 100
Define fertility rate
The average number of births per woman
Define infant mortality
The number of children per 1000 who die before they are one
Define life expectancy
The number of years a person can expect to live
Define maternal mortality
The number of mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth
Why is birth rate higher in developing countries?
In developed countries women go to universities and pursue careers meaning they settle down to have children later in life and have less children
Why is life expectancy higher in developed countries?
More advanced healthcare and better sanitation in developed countries
What is the Brandt line and what year was it established?
1980, shows the developed in the global north and the developing in the global south
When did middle income counties start to develop and why?
1989s due to large reserves of raw materials encouraging investment and growth
When did newly industrialised counties begin to develop and why?
1990s due to relocation of manufacturing overseas by US & European TNCs
When did RICs begin to develop and why?
2000s due to recent industrialisation
Why have few LCDs developed?
Many are still subsistence farmers
Why is being landlocked a barrier to development?
Having no port means a country is unable to export or import goods
Why is being isolated a barrier to development?
Farmers find it difficult to get their produce to market and factories will not want to locate there
Why is climate change a barrier to development?
Temperatures rising increases evaporation leading to water shortages. Variable rainfall leads to food shortages and drought. Rivers dry up and crop yields fall
Why is pollution a barrier to development?
Water supplies become contaminated during the rainy season due to surface run off in built up areas which can pose risks to human health. Increasing air pollution reduces air quality
Why are terms of trade a barrier to development?
If imports are higher than exports a country will lose money
Why are colonisation and cash crops a barrier to development?
The developed countries profit because income goes there and estate workers are paid very little. The price of cash crops is determined on the global market
Why are global trade and international relations barriers to development?
Tariffs are added to goods meaning developed countries take a percentage of the profit
What are the five stages of the modernisation theory?
The traditional society, pre conditions for take off, take off, drive to maturity, high mass consumption
Describe the traditional society
Most people work in agriculture as subsistence farmers and live in rural areas
Describe pre conditions for take off
A shift from agriculture to manufacturing and trade with other countries increases
Describe take off
Manufacturing industries grow rapidly from investment in infrastructure and new technologies. Economy and urban populations increase
Describe drive to maturity
Heavy industry replaced by new industries producing consumer goods. Economy grows steadily
Describe high mass consumption
A period of comfort where consumers enjoy a wide range of goods. GDP is spent on education, healthcare, military strength
Describe the dependency theory
Demonstrates that some developing countries will be unable to develop as their imports will be higher than their exports and they will lose money
Give 3 facts about India’s site
Located in the south of Asia, the tropic of cancer runs through the country, 7500km long coastline
What is the monsoon and why is it important to India?
A very rainy season lasting May-September which supports the farmers, is good for crops and provides water supply
Describe the caste system
Separates Hindus into four categories, indentifying who is lower than eachother. Lowest caste is the untouchables. People may not marry outside of their caste
Why is India in dispute with Pakistan and why are counties concerned about this?
Fought four wars over the control of Cashmir as Pakistan controls the north and India the south, both countries own nuclear weapons which are highly destructive
What is the Indian diaspora and why is it important to India’s economy?
20million people who are living abroad, money gets invested into India’s economy and increases development
What is the population of India and how is this distributed?
2nd largest in the world at 1.324 billion, 50% of the population live in 6 out of the 29 states
Identify 4 strengths of India’s economy
Speaks English, large population, located next to countries with large economies, in the UN and G20
Identify 3 weaknesses of India’s economy
The caste system, population distribution, conflict with Pakistan
How has India’s GDP changed in the space of 23 years?
In 1991 it was 1.2 trillion and by 2014 it reached 7.3 trillion
How have India’s imports and exports changed over 17 years?
In 1995 they were about $30billion but by 2012 imports were $450billion and exports were $275billion
How has the percentage of people working in agriculture changed over 30 years?
Decreased from 37% in 1980-81 to 19% in 2010-11
How has investment in education helped India develop?
Education is free and compulsory for all 6-14 year olds and has many good universities which focus on science and engineering which causes an increase in literacy rate and decrease in unemployment rate which are factors taken into account when observing level of development
How has investment in transport and communications technology helped India develop?
95% of India’s foreign trade is carried by ship so the Indian government invested in 12 major and 185 minor seaports which means India can trade easier. There are 11 international airports and 86 domestic airports. India has the second largest wireless network in the world meaning companies can communicate with parts of their business in India
How has outsourcing of services helped India develop?
Companies move the service part of their business to India, for example BT have moved call centres and IT support to India. Companies realise that labour costs are lower in India but workers are highly skilled, English speaking university graduates who earn £3000 a year on average (20% BT would have topay in the U.K.) This creates jobs and increases income
How have TNCs helped India develop? 4 ways
They bring foreign direct investment into the country which contributes to income, bring big brands into the country which helps develop a bigger consumer market, TNCs often pay more than local companies which increases wages. In 2011 a major US soft drinks company announced an investment of $2 billion into India
How has tourism helped India develop?
India is a popular tourist destination due to its cultural attractions like the Taj Mahal. Tourists spend money which contributes to the economy, in fact in 2014 tourism accounted for 6.8% of India’s GDP and employed 39 million people
How has death rate changed over 23 years?
In 1991 it was 10 but in 2014 it was 7.35
How is wealth unevenly distributed in India?
Small states such as Goa and Delhi have higher GDPs at 4903 and 4642 GDP per capita in US dollars respectively. However in larger states e.g Bihar and Uttar Pradesh GDP per capita is as low as 682 and 793 respectively
Why have men in India benefitted more than women?
More men are able to go to school and have access to higher skilled jobs
Why have young people benefitted more than old people?
Education systems have improved which is accessible by the young people to improve their education
Why have people in urban areas benefitted more than in rural?
FDI from TNCs is concentrated in urban areas
Name 7 causes of river pollution in India
Peoples remains, washing clothes, cleaning themselves, fertilisers, garbage, leather tanning industry (factories have doubled in a decade), toxic chemicals
Name 4 effects of river pollution in India
Chromium is a carcinogen, risk of skin disease, numbness in the limbs caused, power plants and dams affected
Name 3 causes of air pollution in India
The sale of trucks which has increased by 16.2%, use of dirty diesel, burning of an estimated 500million tonnes of post-harvest stubble
Name 3 effects of air pollution in India
India is considered to have 13 of the worlds 20 most polluted cities,Delhi’s smoggy winters exceed the WHO safe level by 10 times, caused 586,788 premature deaths in India in 2013, reduces life expectancy by 3.2 year for Indians who live in cities
Give 4 facts about India’s growing economic strength
Second largest market in the world, foreign exchange reserves of over $300billion which were $2billion in 1950, on track to become an upper middle income country by 2025 and the worlds third largest economy by 2050
What is the new development bank?
Set up by the BRICS in order to provide resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in emerging developing countries
Why did the G20 form?
Countries realised globalisation had changed the worlds economic order in a big way and major global problems required a much greater level of economic cooperation
By how much has life expectancy in India increased?
from 59.7 in 1991 to 68 in 2014
How many people still live below the poverty line in India?
400 million
Name 3 positives of the Narmada river scheme
Provide 3.5 billion litres of drinking water daily, provide hydroelectric power, a network of canals will irrigate 1.8 million hectares of farmland
Name 4 negatives of the Narmada river scheme
Flooded 234 villages, forced 320,000 people out of their homes, good quality farmland along with religious and historic sites has been flooded, seismologists believe the weight of large dams can trigger earthquakes
Define informal economy
The unofficial economy where no records are kept, workers pay tax but have no contracts or right to safe working practices
Define formal economy
The official economy where tax is paid and workers have contracts and right to safe working conditions
Identify the primary industry
The extraction of raw materials from the ground or sea
Identify the secondary industry
The manufacture of goods using raw materials
Identify the tertiary industry
The provision of a service
Identify quarternary
The provision of information and expert help
What does the clark-fisher sector model show?
Post industrialisation employment becomes more based upon tertiary industry and primary industry which was previously the most common becomes less popular
How much has India’s GNI increased by?
From $1150 in 1991 to $5800 in 2014
How much has FDI increased by in India?
From $5.6 billion in 1995 to $252.3 billion in 2014
Give 2 facts about India’s culture
Birthplace of 4 religions including Hinduism, worlds largest film industry located there (bollywood) which produces over 1200 films per year seen in total by 2.7 billion people
Give 4 facts about India’s environment
Very biodiverse with 6% of the worlds plant and bird species, worlds 3rd largest emitter of greenhouse gases, New Delhi is the most polluted city as it has 9 million cars, sewage for 450 million people enters rivers but only 20% is treated
What are communications like in India?
2nd largest wireless internet network in the World
Give 3 facts about transport in India
Road system has doubled in length, 12 major and 185 minor seaports where 70% of trade occurs, 11 international and 86 domestic airports
Why does India attract TNCs?
It has a large, well educated, English speaking population. The government has reduced taxes in Bangalore to encourage TNCS and BT to do software development in the area
Give a fact about multilateral aid in India
India has been given the most international aid in history although this is declining as the country develops
Give 4 facts about education in India
Education is free and compulsory for all 6-14 year olds, more than 1.4 million schools and 36,000 higher education facilities, literacy rate increased from 64.8% in 2001 to 74% in 2011
How much has the percentage of people living in urban areas increased and why?
From 25% in 1990 to 33% by 2015 due to rural urban migration
How much did the number of polluted rivers rise by in India between 2010 and 2015 and why?
121-275 due to extra sewage
How much has HDI increased in India?
From 0.38 in 1991 to 0.59 in 2014
How much has unemployment fallen by in India?
from 20% in 1991 to 8.6% in 2014
How much has the average years a child spends at school rose by in India?
12 years at school up from 2 years in 1991
How much does land degradation cost a year?
$80 bullion
Who are the BRICS?
Brazil, Russia, India, China
How much of the worlds GDP do the BRICS have together?
20%
How much imports and exports are there between India and the USA?
45,200 million exports, 21,600 million imports
What percentage of the population did women make up in 2012?
12%
What is a risk of India’s development?
TNCS can move out of a country quickly and exploit workers
What percentage of the worlds wealth does the richest fifth hold?
82.8%
Why are there socio economic differences between regions in India?
Maharashtra has a higher population than Bihar, Mumbai is in Maharashtra which attracts migrants from rural areas for work
Give 5 negative impacts of rapid economic development on human health
Increased car ownership leads to increased air pollution which causes problems such as heart or lung disease, water pollution caused by unsafe disposal of sewage causes water borne diseases like cholera, increased agricultural run off leads to cancers, global climate change has lead to extreme heat and depletion of water sources, urban medical services being overrun due to increasing migration to urban areas
Give 5 negatives of top down development projects like dams
By disrupting the migration of fish, the construction of dams has reduced the population of certain species, disrupting food chains. Take up a lot of space therefore force people to leave their homes, splitting up communities. These projects do not fully understand local people’s needs therefore may flood farmland meaning valuable farmland is lost. Often expensive which requires countries to borrow large amounts of money and get into debt problems. Local people do not get what they want which can cause resentment of the strategy and may lead to riots/protests, the strategy will not be used
How do mountainous areas (TOPOGRAPHY) affect development? 2 ways
Steep relief of mountainous areas makes the construction of transport routes difficult which reduces trade with other areas. Mountainous areas have reduced temperatures and thin soils which makes the growing of crops difficult and limits the ability to earn income.
Define topography
The study of the shape and features of the land
How does having a deep harbour (TOPOGRAPHY) affect economic development)
Harbours with deep water lead to increased amounts of trade, attracting industry to the area
How do flat areas (TOPOGRAPHY) affect economic development?
Flat areas are attractive to industrial development which creates jobs and increases income generation opportunities.
Give 2 problems of only using economic measures of development
GDP does not take into account the divide between rural and urban areas, just gives an average. How wealthy a country is does not take into account how the money is used as it does not show data on how educated residents are and how good their diet is
Give 2 ways population structure can influence social issues
In developing countries there are higher birth rates which could lead to overpopulation, leading to poverty as there are not sufficient supplies and housing for the population. In developed countries there are high life expectancies which means there are a lot of elderly people, this puts a strain on services such as healthcare and care homes
Why is GDP per capita a better indicator of development than just GDP?
Gives a figure of the average output of each person because GDP is the total economic output of a country but a lot of this could be concentrated in urban areas so GDP per capita works out an average over rural and urban areas by dividing a country’s GDP by its population
Why does Frank’s dependency theory suggest some developing countries will be unable to develop?
Colonialism was a major cause of poverty, the economic core had become rich by exploiting resources in the rural periphery. Today neo-colonialism has a similar impact- developing countries have economic and political powers to exploit less developed countries. Often developed counties impose trade barriers and conditions for loans that hinder development of poorer countries
Define TNC
Any corporation that is registered and operates in more than one country
Give 3 facts about India’s situation
International borders with 6 countries including China, Bay of Bengal to East, Arabian Sea to West
What is economic liberalisation?
The Indian government used to decide which industries produced what and where. In 1991 India changed to a market economy. Companies now decide where to locate and what to make and sell so they can earn the best profit. To attract companies the government reduced import tariffs and taxes on company products
What do TNCs do?
TNCs have led to a global shift in manufacturing and have moved their factories to developing countries to take advantage of the cheap labour there. The money brought to developing countries is called FDI
Which 3 global organisations would India like to join or have more say in?
World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organisation
What is an environmental benefit of India’s development?
India is now investing in renewable energy resources such as wind power
Define demographic change
When a populations age structure adjusts to changes in living conditions
Describe India’s population age structure
High fertility rate, not many elderly people (youthful population)
How many deaths in India per day due to pollution?
9
Which impacts are more significant in India :the environmental or social?
Environmental impacts as they are all negative and on a larger scale
Define emerging country
A country with low incomes but high growth prospects which is moving away from the traditional society and rapidly industrialising
Which 3 countries does India export most to?
USA, United Arab Emirates, China
Why does India export the most to the USA?
The USA is the worlds richest country, it is a powerful trading partner. It’s imports to India would be very valuable so India would need to export a lot back to prevent its exports being higher than its imports
Why might India export so much to United Arab Emirates?
Richest country in the Middle East due to its oil reserves, in close proximity of India so trade is made easy across the Indian Ocean and the Strait of Hormuc
Why might India export so much to China?
China is one of the BRICS along with India and they have a trade agreement as part of their organisation
Define colonisation
When developed countries have political control over developing countries
What are commodities?
Exports traded on global markets
How have terms of trade impacted on malawis development?
Their exports are 1.3 billion but their imports are 2.5 billion
How has colonisation impacted on Malawi’s development?
In Malawi workers are only paid 1p per kg of tea leaves or coffee cherries picked
How has global trade and international relations impacted on Malawi’s development?
Malawi exports coffee beans instead of roasting them which would get a higher price because the EU and USA charge tariffs of 7.5% on roasted beans
What are primary products?
Raw materials such as tea, tobacco and sugar
What are cash crops?
Crops which are sold for cash
Why are tariffs?
Tax when the developed countries take a percentage of the profit, money added to the price of the product when it is sold
What is the World Trade Organisation?
Global organisation which aims to make trade easier by helping developed and developing countries to trade
Describe a developed countries population structure
Lower fertility rates, ageing population (fewer young people, increasing life expectancy)
What is an environmental reason for a high infant mortality rate?
In tropical climates diseases like malaria cause many infant deaths
Identify 4 problems with Rostows modernisation theory
Assumes all countries start at the same level of development, doesn’t consider quality or quantity of a country’s resources or population or climate/natural hazards, out of date and based upon the 18th and 19th century development of European countries, fails to consider that European development came at the expense of other countries (colonisation)
Give 2 problems with Franks dependency theory
Written in 1950s so is outdated- today, some less developed countries are developing very quickly for example India or China which may show the dependency theory does not work or only applies to some places, doesn’t take into account other factors which may limit development such as natural disasters, lack of resources, conflict
How does Franks dependency theory explain the unequal distraction of global income?
The quintile of the richest 20 percent own 82.7% of the worlds wealth which dependency theory would explain as being due to the core of richest countries exploiting their control of the world market system to keep poorer countries in the position of supplying raw materials which are then used to make the richest fifth even richer
What are top down development projects?
Large scale projects which aim at national level or regional level development, very expensive and often funded by international development banks, sophisticated technology is involved which requires experts to install and maintain
What are bottom down development projects?
Local scale projects which aim to benefit the village of small group of communities, very cheap compared to top down and usually funded by the village itself, straightforward technology that local people can learn to operate and repair
What is globalisation?
Economic interests and a desire to make profits have encouraged companies from developed countries to produce in countries where labour is cheap and then to sell the products all over the world, this pulls countries together in a global economy (globalisation). Trade connections between countries has led to interdependence between them, countries trade because one country has something the other doesn’t
Why do certain counties have a bigger share of global trade than others?
Most developing countries export raw materials which TNCs but cheaply from developing countries and use them to make manufactured products in other countries, these can be exported for more money. China is an emerging country with a very big share of global exports because TNCs in developed countries have moved manufacturing there to benefit from cheaper wages
Define NGO
Non governmental organisation like charities
Define IGO
Intergovernmental organisations (e.g United Nations)
Define intermediate technology
Simple technology that local people can operate and maintain themselves
Give 2 advantages of NGO led intermediate technology
Targeted at specific needs of local people, generated jobs among local people
Give 2 disadvantages of NGO led intermediate technology
Governments often rely on NGOs instead of developing their own systems to help their people, lack of data about how successful NGO schemes really are: not as accountable as IGOs
Give 2 advantages of IGO funded large infrastructure
Can access very large sums of money from IGOs like the world bank, large infrastructure developments can benefit hundreds of thousands of people
Give 2 disadvantages of IGO funded large infrastructure
High tech solutions may be costly to maintain and may fail if funds run out, many local people may not actually benefit for example if they have to move because a major new dam project will flood their area
Why might USA TNCs want to invest in African countries?
Countries like Nigeria and South Africa have valuable resources like oil and diamonds. TNCs based in the USA can invest in these countries to gain access to these resources
What percentage of the worlds trade does Asia hold?
32%
By what percentage has India’s population increased since 1990?
48%
Define geopolitical
The effects of geography on international politics
Identify 7 factors which increase a country’s regional influence
Historical influence, military power, whether developed countries want to invest there, whether other countries in the region depend on it on it for aid and investment, dominating trade in the region, regional trade agreement (e.g BRICS), geographical dominance (population, size, central location in region)
Identify 4 benefits of growing global importance in emerging countries
Other countries and TNCs want to invest so their investments grow rapidly, as the emerging country gets richer other countries want to sell products and services to them, emerging countries often provide aid and investment in their region which creates close ties between countries, emerging countries often invest in military strength which defends the whole region and threatens other countries
Give 4 costs of growing global importance in emerging countries
Developed countries block emerging countries from sharing global power, pressure for emerging countries to make cuts to greenhouse emissions, emerging countries often come under international pressure about human rights issues within their country, other neighbouring countries may become hostile as a result of military build up in the emerging country
