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la geografía 1 > Challenges Of An Urbanising World > Flashcards

Challenges Of An Urbanising World Flashcards

1
Q

Define urbanisation

A

A rise in the percentage of people living in urban areas compared to rural

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2
Q

Define megacity

A

Urban areas with a population of more than 10 million people

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3
Q

Name 5 causes of urbanisation

A

Better jobs and services, steady monthly income, escaping natural disasters, escaping extreme weather conditions which destroy crops, necessities like water are difficult to find in rural areas

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4
Q

Describe Detroit’s decline

A

It once had a population of 1.85 million which decreased to 700,000 due to the decline of its car industry

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5
Q

Define counter urbanisation

A

The movement of people out of cities into rural areas

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6
Q

Define slum

A

An urban settlement where over 50% of people lack basic amenities such as toilets, electricity and running water

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7
Q

Define regeneration

A

Run down areas of the city are regenerated in order to encourage people to move back

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8
Q

Define suburbanisation

A

Wealthy city dwellers choose to live on the edge of the city to about crime and pollution

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9
Q

Define urban sprawl

A

The urban area physically grows outward onto surrounding rural land in an uncontrolled way

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10
Q

Define hyper urbanisation

A

When the increase in urban population is happening so rapidly the city cannot cope with the needs of the people

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the city

A

Central business district, inner city, inner suburbs, outer suburbs

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12
Q

Where is Mumbai located?

A

In India in Asia on the west coast in Maharashtra state. It is a peninsula

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13
Q

Give 3 facts about migration into Mumbai

A

1000 migrants arrive in the city per day, Mumbai is expected to be home to more than 26million people by 2025, between 2001 and 2011 1.7million migrants

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14
Q

Define site

A

The land where the settlement is

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15
Q

Give 3 facts about Mumbai’s site

A

Much of the city is low lying just above sea level, naturally deep harbour accessible by large ships, lies on an island by the deep water estuary of the Ulhas river

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16
Q

Define situation

A

The position of a settlement in relation to other features

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17
Q

Give 3 facts about Mumbai’s situation

A

Faces towards important regional markets in the Middle East and international markets in Europe, lies 19 degrees north of the equator,close to Europe via the Suez Canal

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18
Q

Define connectivity

A

How well a place is connected to other places by transport, internet or trade for example

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19
Q

Give 4 facts about Mumbai’s connectivity

A

Connected to the rest of India through an extensive road and railway network, waterfront is 10km long allowing huge port (India’s second largest), shipping times are 5 days shorter than from Kolkata on the East coast, Mumbai is 9 hours from UK airports

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20
Q

Give 2 points about Mumbai’s urban rural fringe

A

Hard to locate as the area has sprawled into nearby towns, rural areas only found where land is not suitable for building e.g the river estuary land and the large area of National Park in the hills to the north of Mumbai

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21
Q

Give 2 points about Mumbai’s first surburbs

A

Chawls (poor quality housing) developed to house workers in the old textile mill area in 1900s-1930s, home to Mumbai’s largest slum dharavi

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22
Q

Give 5 points about Mumbai’s CBD

A

Centred on the old banking sector of the city, important companies have headquarters here such as Bank of India and Bank of America, expensive housing on the waterfront, port area is economically very active, up to 25000 people work here and live in slums nearby

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23
Q

Give 2 points about Mumbai’s second suburbs

A

Navi Mumbai built to reduce congestion on the peninsula and it developed along railway lines post 1970s allowing commuters to travel into the city each day, new industrial sectors developed here

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24
Q

How has natural increase caused growth?

A

It is 1.4% per year, a lot of young migrants move and start families

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25
Q

How has national and international migration caused growth?

A

People move to benefit from improved economy and services for example more jobs, better education, entertainment options and higher incomes

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26
Q

How has economic investment caused growth?

A

Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and investment has grown, increasing employment. Investment has gone into services, manufacturing, construction, entertainment

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27
Q

Why does traffic congestion occur in Mumbai?

A

Over 1.8 million cars so roads are usually grid locked

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28
Q

Why do housing shortages occur in Mumbai?

A

Space is very limited which leads to high population densities so cheaper less congested areas have quickly become congested. Rents in Mumbai are among the highest in the world

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29
Q

What 3 impacts do slum settlements have in Mumbai?

A

Government does not have to provide for residents, land taken up by slums has become more valuable, slums encourage more migration to Mumbai as it provides a place to live even if you are poor

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30
Q

What 4 impacts does inadequate water supply have on Mumbai?

A

Standpipes instead of water pipes in slums which are used by hundreds of families, 1 million people access these at 5:30 am for 2 hours, 500 people share public latriny in dharavi, people wash in the same streams they use as toilets, 60% of population uses communal taps

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31
Q

What impact does inadequate waste disposal have on Mumbai?

A

An estimated 800million tonnes of sewage is dumped in the river

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32
Q

What 5 things do poor employment conditions involve?

A

Long hours, no protection, rooms without ventilation to remove toxic fumes, low pay, dangerous work

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33
Q

Give 4 facts about the rise of the service sector

A

Low skilled mumbaikers provide services to other residents, local tour services, finance and it services employ high skilled mumbaikers, unemployment rates in Mumbai lower than other parts of the country

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34
Q

Give 5 facts about dharavi industries

A

Dharavi is home to 15,000 single room factories, is accessible by both western and central railways, is full of self sufficient people, recycling units boast an annual turnover of £350million, 5000 small scale businesses exist

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35
Q

What have media companies in Mumbai done?

A

Over 40% of Mumbai’s residents live in slums and more than 1 million earn less than £10 a month so media companies developed special low cost satellite dishes in order to make profit

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36
Q

Give 9 ways to measure quality of life

A

Air/water pollution, crime levels, income, healthcare, education, traffic congestion, affordable housing, sanitation, government service

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37
Q

List 3 major problems in Mumbai making quality of life difficult to manage

A

Inefficient and bureaucratic government means it takes a long time for infrastructure projects to be approved, most of Mumbai’s property is rent controlled which discourages property improvements, corruption has caused the building of apartment blocks only affordable to rich people as oppose to affordable housing

38
Q

How can the goverment improve access to affordable housing?

A

Make sure that affordable housing is built as oppose to expensive apartments

39
Q

How can the government improve working conditions in the informal sector?

A

Impose new regulations and laws and make sure they were being obeyed

40
Q

How can the government improve access to services?

A

Incentivise more companies to provide services in poorer areas of the city

41
Q

What political decision do the goverment face involving land?

A

Squatter settlements close to the city centre or railway (poor people cannot afford to travel far to work) are on valuable land which could be sold to property developers for a lot of money but it would be too difficult to move residents to another part of the city. The decision is whether to move the inhabitants to new areas or to help them develop their settlement

42
Q

Define sustainable city

A

Provides good quality of life for all without using up resources in a way that means future city residents will have to accept lower quality of life

43
Q

Identify the 3 elements of the sustainability stool

A

Environment, society, economy

44
Q

Describe vision Mumbai

A

A top down development which invested $40billion to improve Mumbai, built one million low cost homes and tried improving the water supply by establishing piped water and sewerage systems for new flats

45
Q

What were the negatives of Vision Mumbai?

A

Water quality worsened due to surface run off in built up areas, many people would have preferred slum improvement (piped water and sewage treatment) to demolition, new 14 storey apartment blocks have split communities, rents cost more than in slums, small workshops had to move or go out to business which affects Mumbai’s recycling industry, beaches unsafe for recreation

46
Q

How was the Gorai garbage site improved?

A

Waste was reshapes into a gentle hill covered in layers of lining material and planted with grasses, methane capture technology installed to create power

47
Q

Was the improvement to Gorai garbage site useful?

A

Yes because the area now has fresh air and a park beside it, in 2014 the scheme was awarded a prize for sustainable development

48
Q

How and when was Mumbai’s transport improved? 3 ways

A

A monorail was introduced in 2005 and tickets were cheap at 11 rupees, by 2015 72 new trains were introduced, platforms raised to prevent people falling between trains

49
Q

Describe SPARC and community toilet blocks

A

An Indian NGO worked with mumbai to build 800 toilet blocks connected to city sewers and water supplies , families purchase a monthly permit for 25 rupees

50
Q

Describe Hamara foundation

A

Provides social work services for street children (327 in 2013-14) to help improve their education, health and job skills and provide vocational training for 16-18 year olds in computing, motor mechanics and hospitality

51
Q

Describe agora micro finance India

A

A banking service specialising in micro finance for Mumbai’s slum residents and providing loans for people wanting to improve their homes or businesses, people can gain up to £300 and interest rate is 25% paid in weekly instalments

52
Q

What is an example of poor employment conditions in Mumbai?

A

In the port men dismantle ships using basic tools and without safety equipment

53
Q

What 2 impacts does traffic congestion have on Mumbai?

A

Strain on Mumbai’s railway system which 90% of mumbaikers travel by (8 million every day), 3500 people die on Mumbai’s railways most of which by hanging from the windows and doors of overcrowded trains

54
Q

Where do Mumbai’s residents live?

A

40% in slums, 20% in chawls, 10% on streets, 30% in apartments or bungalows

55
Q

How much do upper middle class Mumbaikers earn?

A

£1250 per month

56
Q

When and why did the Gorai garbage site need to be improved?

A

2007 because every day 1200 tonnes of waste were put in it and it released methane

57
Q

How did the government improve air quality to make Mumbai more sustainable?

A

The government banned diesel vehicles with an engine capacity greater than 2000cc

58
Q

What is LSS?

A

Health charity trying to control leprosy, in the 1980s it had 4000 patients by 2007 there were only 219 cases. It educates people about symptoms and treatment

59
Q

What 3 problems did Vision Mumbai try to solve?

A

Worsening quality of life (slums have multiplied, traffic congestion, pollution and water quality all worse than 2000)

60
Q

How successful was Vision Mumbai? 4 facts

A

By 2007, 200,000 people were moved and 450,000 homes were demolished, piped water and sewerage systems were established for new flats which replaced slums, in 2015 new measures introduced to improve air quality

61
Q

Why was the monorail unsuccessful?

A

This took passengers off the road however passenger numbers were less than expected (15,000 a day) because the route went through industrial sectors rather than the old city (didn’t target the needs of the people)

62
Q

Why did the Gorai Garbage Site need to be improved? 4 facts

A

From 1972 to 2007, 1200 tonnes of Mumbai’s solid waste was deposited at the Gorai landfill site every day, by 2007 the waste was 27 metres deep and emitting unpleasant smelling methane and toxic run off into a nearby creek, one of the unhealthiest parts of Mumbai in which to live

63
Q

What is a long term positive of SPARC community toilet blocks?

A

Families have access to sanitation which improves healthcare and life expectancy

64
Q

What problem with housing does rapid growth of megacities cause?

A

Housing shortages result in people living in squatter settlements without access to basic supplies

65
Q

What problem with sanitation does rapid growth of megacities cause?

A

Low percentage of people are connected to public sewer systems and septic tanks/pit latrines can overflow into open drains which leads to spread of disease

66
Q

What risk to health does rapid growth of megacities cause?

A

Increased air pollution caused by traffic congestion causes serious health problems like breathing problems

67
Q

What problem with employment does rapid growth of megacities cause?

A

The majority of employment in developing countries is informal where workers have no protection and hours are long

68
Q

What does a suburban street pattern indicate on a map?

A

Residential area

69
Q

What does a high density concentration of buildings on a map indicate?

A

Commercial land use

70
Q

Give 2 reasons why informal employment has grown rapidly in some cities

A

Not enough jobs in formal sector to cater for rapid population growth, large number of rural migrants have a skill shortage for formal employment in the city

71
Q

What is a primate city/ urban primacy?

A

The most important city within a country which dominantes the rest of the country

72
Q

Why do some cities have urban primacy? 5 points

A

The larger the settlements are, the fewer there are and the greater distance they are away from each other. The number of higher order services increases and there will be a larger range of goods and services which people are willing to travel further to acquire

73
Q

Identify 3 factors which make London a primate city

A

Airline traffic (London has the worlds biggest air hub due to its four airports), investment (London and New York are the worlds biggest financial centres, London’s location along the North American Free Trade Agreement superhighway encourages industrial investment into the region and local businesses can grow), political decisions (where to invest or how to resolve conflicts affects the world globally)

74
Q

Identify 4 factors which influence urban land uses

A

Accessibility, availability of land, cost, planning of land

75
Q

What is land use like in the CBD and why?

A

Commercial buildings because it is the most accessible part and land is limited so city centres are heavily built on with high rise buildings. Land costs more and only some land uses can afford the rent (eg commercial)

76
Q

How does planning affect land use?

A

City authorities decide how they want the area to look, planning regulations are more important in developed countries where governance is organised

77
Q

Identify 2 reasons why urban primacy can become a problem for developing and emerging countries

A

All economic growth can be concentrated in the city while the hinterland is deprived of growth. Political power becomes focused in the city and decision making which affects the whole country takes place in the primate city and is skewed towards the city’s needs not the country’s

78
Q

Define hinterland

A

The region around a city

79
Q

Define world city

A

A city with a dominant role in global processes

80
Q

Define megacities

A

Cities with at least 10 million inhabitants

81
Q

Explain why economic problems can cause a city to decline in population

A

Industries can shut down which means it is no longer easy to get a job in the city. City governments rely on taxes from businesses and residents to make the city a pleasant place to live and work. If economic problems make tax payments decrease, city starts to become run down and crime rates increase

82
Q

Identify 6 stages to development suggested by theories

A

CBD is located where the city first developed where all major roads join, a manufacturing zone develops, new migrants live in this inner city zone where housing is poor but cheap and they are close to their jobs, developing public transport lets richer people live further out in suburbs, city gets too congested for industry which moves to cheaper land in the suburbs, inner city areas get poorer, as the city expands commuter journeys get longer so wealthy residents move back to inner city and redevelop the old housing

83
Q

How much has Mumbai’s population increased between 1991 and 2013 and what percentage is population growth per year?

A

From 9.9million to 12million. 2.9%

84
Q

What is Mumbai’s size and population density?

A

603km^2, 20,482people per km^2

85
Q

What percentage of Mumbai’s residents work in the informal sector?

A

68%

86
Q

How many migrants arrive in Mumbai daily and how many are from rural areas?

A

1000, 9 out of 10 from rural areas

87
Q

Identify 6 challenges of shanty towns and slums

A

Homes built from scrap materials on any spare land, dangers from fire and flooding and landslides, no clean water or electricity or organised sewage and waste disposal, crime rates are high, people are malnourished due to lack of money and food, litter and sewage create a breeding ground for disease

88
Q

How do middle class people commuting to work in the city from suburban locations cause economic problems?

A

Car and moped congestion in the roads slow down city’s economy, leading to air pollution and commuter stresses which impact on quality of life. Mumbaikers suffer ‘super-dense crushloads’ in packed trains and busss

89
Q

Identify three advantages of top down strategies

A

They are large scale so problems of the whole city can be tackled together, city government has political power necessary to make landowners sell their land for new developments, governments can pass laws to change people’s behaviours -for example, to stop industries dumping waste in city rivers

90
Q

Identify 3 disadvantages of top down developments

A

Impose changes upon people that they may not like as it does not target the needs of a specific group of people, city governments can become biased towards the needs of big businesses rather than poor people, expensive and complicated and can end up going over budget so can add extra taxes for residents

91
Q

Identify 3 advantages of bottom up projects

A

Target specific needs of particular local communities, some city governments refuse to recognise slums as legal so the only help people living there get is from NGOs, positive multiplier effects such as improved child health means children can attend school more

92
Q

Identify 3 disadvantages of bottom up projects

A

Can’t fix city wide problems like traffic congestion, city governments should be fixing poor slum conditions and may leave it to NGOs to fix problems, by helping slum communities to improve services schemes can cause conflict with city governments that want to clear sites for more profitable land uses

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