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Year 10 - Geography > Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

Term that measures how advanced a country is compared to others. About the standard of living in a country

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2
Q

What is GDP?

A

Gross Domestic Product - total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year

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3
Q

What is GDP per capita?

A

Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year divided by the population of that country

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4
Q

What is HDI?

A

Human Development Index - Puts together measurements of a country’s gross national income per capita, life expectancy and years in education to provide a figure that represents the country’s development level

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5
Q

Limitations of GDP and HDI

A
  • All measures of development show averages only
  • Data doesnt show everything and are not always accurate
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6
Q

What score is HDI between?

A

0-1, 1 being the highest

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7
Q

How are fertility rates and age in emerging countries?

A
  • High rates
  • Youthful pop
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8
Q

How are fertility rates and age in developed countries?

A
  • Lower fertility rates
  • Ageing pop
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9
Q

Problems of Rostow’s modernisation theory

A
  • Outdated (1960) and simplistic
  • Some countries skip stages
  • Not all countries have same resources/climate
  • Eurocentric - model based on the experience of Europe
  • Other ways to develop (tourism, attracting FDI)
  • One-way, some countries fall backwards (debt/corruption)
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10
Q

Franks dependancy theory

A
  • Idea that developing countries cant develop because they are dependent on developed countries
  • Most developed countries have the economic and political power to exploit less developed countries and impose trade barriers and conditions for loans that hinder development
    Describes neo-colonialism
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11
Q

Problems of Franks Dependancy Theory

A
  • Written in 1950s so is outdated
  • No middle grounds - China is not a periphery and not yet a core
  • Colonialism had good benefits - it provided with a basic infrastructure (eg transport/communication)
  • Bangladesh hasnt improved yet despite receiving increased aid from the west for 2 decades
  • Never colonised countries eg Afghanistansuffer from severe problems as they lack infrastructure provided by colonial powers
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12
Q

What is top-down development?

A
  • Large-scale projects that aim at national-level
  • Very expensive - funded by international development banks
  • Sophisticated tech that needs experts to install and maintain
  • Broad development aims not targeted towards local people
  • Money comes from World bank or from TNC investment
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13
Q

What is bottom-up development?

A
  • Cheaper - funded by the village itself
  • Local-scale that aim to bnefit a small group
  • Straightforward tech that local ppl can repair and operate
  • Money comes from NGOs
  • Aim is to help poor people
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14
Q

What is the Brandt Line?

A

A line that divides developed and developing countries on the world map

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15
Q

What is neo-colonialism?

A

Control of less-developed countries by developed countries indirectly - a less-developed country cant earn money if a developed country doesn’t buy their goods - causes dependency

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16
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The death of children under the age of one year

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17
Q

What is an NGO?

A

Non-Government Organisation - a company or organisation that operates separate from the government, but doesn’t aim to make a profit e.g charities, universities

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18
Q

What is Rostow’s Modernisation Theory?

A

The development of a country takes 5 stages of growth: Traditional Soceity, Pre-conditions for Take Off, Take Off, Drive to Maturity, Mass Consumption

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19
Q

What is a traditional society according to Rostows Modernisation Theory?

A
  • Economy based on primary sector
  • Agriculture, small-scale mining, foraging and fishing
  • Low levels of tech or scientific knowledge
  • No currency
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20
Q

What is “Pre-conditions for Take Off” according to Rostows Modernisation Theory?

A
  • Country starts to create resources that are in demand
  • Hasnt started trading internationally
  • Starting to mine, farm or collect resources that they might sell later for profit
  • Bartering (trading w/o money)
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21
Q

What is a “Take Off” according to Rostows Modernisation Theory?

A
  • Country rapidly industrialises
  • Many businesses choose to invest or start a new company in the country
  • Country will start to trade valuable eg minerals and cotton
  • Jobs increase in industry instead of agriculture
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22
Q

What is “Drive to Maturity” according to Rostows Modernisation Theory?

A
  • Businesses will develop and the government will earn enough tax to improve the country and control probs like pollution, poverty, sweatshops
  • Industries that pollute or exploit their workforce are fined until they lieave
  • This leaves behind good job oppurtunities, attractive cities and a good economy
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23
Q

What is “High Mass Consumption” according to Rostows Modernisation Theory?

A
  • Final Stage for most developed countries
  • They have high income, most families can afford more luxury
  • Good quality of life and good access to health and education
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24
Q

Social causes of inequality

A
  • Education - right qualifications or else increased unemployment
  • Health - some countries more vulnerable to diseases and poor health e.g mosquitoes in hot climates = malaria
  • Historically disadvantaged = countries that were ruled by other countries, countries exploiting resources
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25
Q

Advantages of GDP

A
  • Data is availible for every country with an economic structure
  • Theres lots of historical data to compare as many countries measure GDP
  • It remains the same (uniform). Therefore easy to calculate and consistent to measure across all countries
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26
Q

Disadvantages of GDP

A
  • It uses an average amount of money per person and so hides any gap between rich and poor ppl. (India has a bout 60 billionaires - but millions of ppl below the poverty line)
  • Doesnt include important activities that dont involve money (eg subsistence massive inequality)
  • GDP per capita disguises massive inequality
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27
Q

Demographic data

A
  • All the data related to countrys population
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28
Q

Population pyramid

A

Bar graph which shows tha age and gender structure of a place

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29
Q

What does HDI look at?

A
  • Life expectancy, income/GDP, literacy/education
  • Scale between 0.000 - 1.000
  • Developed = 0.8-1
  • Emerging = 0.55-0.799
  • Developing = Below 0.55
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30
Q

Advantages of HDI

A
  • Uses 2 types of social data (health and education) and 1 type of economic data
  • Much more accurate measure of both the standard of living and quality of life in a country
  • Info updated annually
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31
Q

Disadvantages of HDI

A
  • Wealth still has too much importance
  • HDI is still too simple and that for a real measure should be a range of 10-15 diff measures
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32
Q

Dependancy Ratio

A
  • Proportion of ppl below (0-14) and above (65+) normal working age.
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33
Q

Causes of global inequality

A
  • Colonialism
  • Slavery
  • World war/ civil war
  • Pandemics
  • Corruption
  • Crimes
  • Education
  • Health crisis
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34
Q

Terms of trade

A

Means the value of a countrys exports relative to its imports

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35
Q

Cash Crops

A

Crops which are sold for money

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36
Q

What type of country is Malawi? What is its GDP in 2017? What rank is Malawi based on HDI? What about the UK? Malawi HDI now

A

Developing, $1200 per capita,174th out of 189 countries, UK = 0.932 in 2019, Malawi HDI 2023 = 0.512

37
Q

Physical barriers for Malawi

A
  • Landlocked - cant trade due to no coastline
  • 1 railway track (800km, badly maintained), slow train, weigtht is limited
  • 85% live in rural isolation - primary sector, poor infrastructure
  • Roads are mostly dirt -> takes hours to travel to local markets
38
Q

Evironmental barriers for Malawi

A
  • Living with climate change
    1. Water shortages - rising temp
    2. Food shortages by droughts
    3. Rainfall has been lower since 2000, river dried up
  • Increased pollution
    1. Water supplies become contaminated
    2. Squater settlement (slums) grown rapidly with no sanitation/waste management
    3. Increasing due to industry growth and traffic
    4. Smoke in rural areas increased (bush fires, tyre burning)
39
Q

Economic Barriers for Malawi

A
  • Terms of Trade -value of Malawi’s exports is less than their imports
    1. Malawi exports largely primary products (raw materials)
    2. They import manufactored goods in term which are often more expensive
  • Cash crops - 80% popo farming and country heavily relies on this
    1. Known as commodities and sold to global markets
    2. Profits of exported goods tend to go to the companies in developed nations
40
Q

Malawi’s history of colonisation

A
  • In the 19th century, British colonised Malawi and its land
  • They developed planttions to grow coffee and tea for export
  • This means these plantations largely remain under British ownership and control (TNCs)
  • Plantations - workers get paid 1p per kg
41
Q

What are core countries according to Franks’ dependancy theory?

A

Developed, powerful, capitalist countries that demand goods from periphery countries

42
Q

What are periphery countries according to Franks dependancy theory?

A

Produce raw materials, they satellite goods to the core, relationship = neocolonial

43
Q

Advantages of Top-Down Projects

A
  • Country will develop more quickly because of the size of the projects
  • Scheme is run by the gov so its more likely to acheive its development objectives
44
Q

Disadvantages of Top-Down Projects

A
  • Much of the building work is done by machines or foreign companies so local jobs arent created
  • Local people have no say in what happens. In many cases people have lost land
45
Q

Advantages of Bottom-up advantages

A
  • The scheme is run by the locate people so is likely to acheive its development objectives
46
Q

Disadvantages of Bottom-up development

A
  • The country will develop more slowly because of the size of the project
47
Q

What is the site?

A

Location of a place made up of the physical characteristics of the landscape eg climate, landforms, water, harbour, soil quality

48
Q

What is the situation?

A
  • Location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places eg proximity to other countries, relationship to other countries
49
Q

India - Environmental Constrasts

A
  • India extends from Kashmir in the north
  • The tropic of cancer divides the country almost into 2
  • India is ahead of GMT by 5 hrs and 30 min
  • Himalaya in North, jungles in NE, Desert in the West
  • Indian monsoon is the Earth’s most powerful weather system
50
Q

India - Social and Religious compositions

A
  • Hindi and English
  • More than 1500 languages
  • Social ranks “caste” determined at birth by parents status
  • 80% Hindu, 13% Muslim, 3rd largest Muslim pop
51
Q

India - Government and States

A
  • Parliamentary democracy
  • India divided into 29 states and 7 union territories
  • More than 50% of pop live in 6 states
52
Q

India - Colonial legacy

A
  • More people speak English in India than the UK due to colonialism. Important factor in India’s integration into the global economy
  • Economically, split into village and urban India
  • Increasing economic power
  • Independance in 1947
53
Q

India - Indian Dispora

A
  • 20ml people who make up Indian dispora are scattered over more than 100 countries
  • 2014, they sent US$71bn in remittances in India - a source of foreign exchange that exceeds revenues generated by India’s software industry
54
Q

What is PPP?

A

Purchasing Power Parity

55
Q

3 reasons to invest in India

A
  • Long coastline for trade
  • They have a democracy
  • They speak English so they can communicate with other countries like America
56
Q

Is India an emerging or developed country?

A

Emerging

57
Q

How much has India’s GDP grown in the last 2 decades?

A

7%

58
Q

What happend in 1991 in India?

A

Economic Liberisation
* India started to trade with other countries
* Before 1991, gov controlled where and what industries produced. They controlled where the money went
* Liberalisation changed it to a “market economy” where consumers and individual companies decide
1. Where goods can be made must cheaply
2. Where people will buy

59
Q

Outsourcing

A

Where a company moves services oversease, such as software development or call centres because labour is cheaper

60
Q

Containerisation

A

Textiles, clothing and footwear arrive in containers which are easier to load and unload

61
Q

TNC benefits

A
  • Massive rise in urbanisation
  • Birth rates and fertility rates have fallen
  • Dependancy ratios have fallen
  • Increased hospitals in rural areas
  • Life expectancy (yrs) in 1991 was 59.7, in 2014 it increased to 68
62
Q

TNC Exploitations

A
  • Garment workers are particularly likely to be discriminated against
  • Many sweatshops discriminate against women returning to work after raising children
  • 70% in textile work are young kids on the lowest pay
  • Poverty is widespread in India - no shortage of workers willing to work 100+ hrs, £35 per week
63
Q

3 types of outsourcing that have occured in India

BT

A
  • Call centres - most employees are graduates earning £3000 a year
  • Software Development - Unis such as Banaglore provide technically-qualified graduates who enable BT to develop and support its broadband
  • Company administration - eg administration
64
Q

How many countries does BT operate in?

BT

A

180 countries (including India, New Delhi)

65
Q

What is the new economy?

BT

A

Based on the scale of services, rather than manufactored

66
Q

What is meant by “footloose”? How does this benefit these “new economy companies”?

BT

A

They can locate anywhere - as long as high quality communication links are availble

67
Q

Why is it also referred as the “knowledge economy”?

BT

A

Relies on skilled, well-qualified people with high levels of technical skills

68
Q

What factors determine where they locate?

A

Depends of skills and wage costs

69
Q

Why is India an attractive location for outsourcing for?

A

High pop which means jobs are in demand even if its low wage, they speak english, very low tax rates

70
Q

What are the advantages for outsourcing for India?

BT

A
  • Social and economic - more people have jobs and earn money
71
Q

What are the disadvantages for outsourcing for India?

A
  • Social - low wages, working conditions may be unsafe,
  • Environmental - pollution by factories
72
Q

Advantages of economic globalisation in India

A
  1. Increased transport and movement of goods
    * Glob. allows workers to migrate more easily
    * More transport leads to positive multiplier effect encouring more trade = more jobs and oppurtunity for emergind country
  2. TNC/Outsourcing
    * More jobs
    * Companies benefit from low pay
    * Ppl go from rural to urban
    * Products come cheap for the companies
    * Benefits skilled workers
  3. FDI
    * Increases GDP of country
    * Increased consumption of goods and services and employment
73
Q

Disadvantages of economic globalisation in India

A
  1. Increased transport and movement of goods
    * Some emergind countries find it difficult to keep their best skilled workers who are attracted to higher wages elsewhere
    * Environmental damage
  2. TNC/Outsourcing
    * Cheap labour - exploitations
    * Men earn more than women
    * Increased pollution
    * Doesnt fix poverty completely
  3. FDI
    * Gov might be corrupt so might misuse the money
    * Slavery
74
Q

What is the core region and periphery region in India?

A

Core = Maharashtra
Periphery = Bihar

75
Q

Maharashtra

A
  • Has largest city = Mumbai
  • Economic growth = manufactoring, service industries, entertainment
  • 2ndary, Tertiary jobs
  • Biggest GDP - economic powerhouse for India
  • HDI = 0.65 -0.69
76
Q

Bihar

A
  • Receives little investment , no FDI
  • No coastline
  • Primary Jobs
  • 1/2 households get less than 80p a day
  • Women are lowest in Bihar (literacy)
  • Traditional society - gender inequality
  • School attendance is low
  • HDI = 0.5 -0.549
77
Q

Geopolitics

A

How countrie try to exert political power over a geographical place

78
Q

India’s International Roles

A
  • Relationship with Pakistan - India want geopolitical influence in Asia, both want Kashmir since 1998 due to religious differences:
    1. Money has to go into military interventions
    2. There are disputes over water supplies
  • India is a member of G20, they hosted it there
    1. Positive = get to meet with country representatives
    2. Get to discuss = trade deaks, agriculture, reducing carbon footprints
  • World Bank
    1. Positive = now paying money into world bank to lend to other countries
  • EU AND USA - want relationships so they can develop their education, science, tech and climate change stratgies
    1. 2021, India to EU trade by £88bn
    2. EU is largest investor to India
    3. 2021, India and US trade reach $157bn
    4. US supplies India with lots of defence equipment
  • Climate negotations - India wants to contribute to reducing the climate crisis without damaging economic growth
    1. They want to encourage renewable energy
    2. Signed COP21 climate pledge in 2018
    3. PM supports climate action
    4. 2008 - created a National Climate Change Action Plan
  • BRICs = Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
    1. High levels of pop
    2. Higher demand for goods and services provides a business opurtunity
    3. More likely to become superpowers
79
Q

Economic impactsof the rural to urban migration

A
  • Increase GDP
  • Low GDP in rural areas
80
Q

Social impacts of the rural to urban migration

A
  • Businesses in rural areas would close down because people work in urban areas
  • Gender equality may increase
  • Less depedant people, decrease in the dependancy ratio
  • Low birth rates because more people are working
  • Population density in rural areas will decrease
81
Q

Environmental impacts of the rural to urban migration

A
  • Increased pollution in urban areas
  • Decreased pop and pollution in rural areas
82
Q

Demographic Change - India

A
  • Fertility rates have declined rapidly
  • Life expenctancy at birth has improved from 50 years between 1970 - 1975 to 70.5 years in 2020
83
Q

Urbanisation in India

A
  • Increasing proportion of Indias pop is living in urban areas (where better paid jobs are located)
  • India still remains well below the global average
84
Q

Regional Contrasts in India

A
  • GDP per capita varies greatly between Indian States
  • Goa , the highest ranking stated is US$625 in 2022
85
Q

Age and Gender in India

A
  • 81% overall literacy now
  • Research had shown that girls tend to receive less food and medical care than boys
  • In 2015, women accounted for only 12% of the Indian parliament
86
Q

Air Pollution in India

A
  • 30 of the world top 50 polluted cities are in India
  • Air pollution reduces life expenctancy by 302 years for the 660 million Indians who live in cities
87
Q

Desertification and Deforestation in India

A
  • Half of Indias lakes and wetlands disappeared between 1991 and 2014
  • 68% of India is prone to drought
88
Q

Climate Change in India

A
  • India is the world 3rd largest emitter of co2 after China and USA
  • India wants to reduce its emissions, but there are still 400 million people in the ocuntry without access to electricity
89
Q

Water Pollution in India

A
  • Main cause for river pollution is high levels of sewage from cities
  • The Ganges and Yamuna are ranked among the world ten most polluted rivers

Year 10 - Geography (3 decks)

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