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development dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

define development

A

the economic or social progress a country or people make

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2
Q

what are some of the wealthiest countries

A
  • North America
  • Western Europe
  • parts of Asia
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3
Q

what are some of the poorest countries

A
  • Africa
  • South America
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4
Q

why are some countries wealthier than others

A
  • climate
  • recourses
  • colonisation
  • site and situation
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5
Q

what does GDP stand for

A

gross domestic product

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6
Q

define Gross domestic product

A

the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year divided by the number of people in the country

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7
Q

what does HDI stand for

A

human development index

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8
Q

define human development index

A

gives countries a score based on the average life expectancy, education levels and income of the people in the country. given a score between 0-1

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9
Q

what is gross national income

A

amount of money made buy a county by its companies and cooperation’s and debt

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10
Q

what are some causes of global inequalities

A
  • banks are lending less to poor and middle class
  • machinery taking over peoples jobs
  • education levels
  • lack of minimum wages
  • natural disasters
  • landlocked
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11
Q

what two theories explain how and why countries develop over time

A

Rostow’s modernisation theory and Franks dependence theory

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12
Q

name each step of Rostow’s modernisation theory

A
  • tradition society
  • preconditions for take off
  • take off
  • drive to maturity
  • high mass consumption
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13
Q

briefly explain each step of the Rostow modernisation theory

A
  1. very little wealth -farming (fishing, mining)
  2. developing infrastructure - sewage systems, transport links
  3. business starting - manufacturing and industry
  4. more diversity of products, industrialisation
  5. high incomes, trades expands
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14
Q

what are some criticisms of the Rostow modernisation theory

A
  • lack of detail
  • assumes that all countries start with the same resources and other factors such as climate and population
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15
Q

draw the model that Frank created

A

small circle surrounded by bigger circle.
small = core - big city
big = periphery - poor countryside
goods and services go out
resources go in

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16
Q

how does Frank use his theory to explain how a place develops

A

he states that the core relies on the periphery for food and coal and the periphery relies on the core for roads, mining supplies, transport. uses colonization as evidence

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17
Q

what are some criticisms of Franks theory

A
  • some countries in the developing world that were never colonized remain poor whereas some are developed
  • some poor countries successfully develop
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18
Q

what does TNC stand for

A

transnational cooperation

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19
Q

what is a transnational cooperation

A

a firm that owns or controls a business in more than one country through foreign direct investment eg: Apple, Nike

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20
Q

what does FDI stand for

A

foreign direct investment

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21
Q

what is foreign direct investment

A

overseas investment in physical capital by transnational cooperation

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22
Q

what is microcredit

A

tiny loans and financial services to help the poor start business and escape poverty

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23
Q

what is top down development

A

government/ TNC’s making decisions
- large scale projects
- large expensive budget
- local people have no say

24
Q

what is bottom up development

A

local people/ charities making decisions
- targets poorest communities
- low cost
- small scale
- use of intermediate technology

25
what is intermediate technology
technology suitable for use in developing countries, typically making use of available resources such as water pumps
26
what is an example of a top down development project
Sardar Saravar dam in India
27
briefly explain the top down development project you studied
a project involving the construction of dams in India to help produce electricity for homes and selling to big companies to make money
28
what are advantages of a top down development project you have studied
- gave 2.5 million people access to clean drinking water - 1450 MW of electricity - it was easy to build as they had the money and organisation
29
what are some disadvantages of a bottom up development project you have studied
- takes a long time to complete - flooded many hectors of land - 40,000 families displaced
30
what is a HEP scheme
hydroelectric power
31
what is an example of a bottom up development project
Grameen bank
32
briefly explain the bottom up development project you studied
a small organisation that gives people microloans to poorer people. loans are mainly for poor women to help start up business. the average loan is 220 dollars
33
what are some advantages of a top down development project you have studied
- small loans which don't have to be paid back - people use these loans to set up business' to help them out of poverty
34
what are some disadvantages of a bottom up development project you have studied
- interests rates are high - some people who repay their loans causing them to go into debt
35
what are some causes of global inequalities
education and health, colonization, climate, systems of government
36
explain the demographic data of poor, less developed countries
- less elderly people (lower life expectancy) - birth rates are higher as people have children to work and earn them money - maternal mortality and infant mortality is higher
37
explain the demographic data of rich, developed countries
- higher life expectancy - lower birth rates (expensive to have children) - maternal mortality and infant mortality is lower - better healthcare etc
38
what is the site of a place
the actual location of a settlement on the earth, characteristics of landscape
39
what is the situation of a place
the location of a place relative to it's surroundings and other places
40
explain the geographical location of an emerging country you have studied
India is found in the continent of Asia in the Northern hemisphere. India shares a border with China, Bangladesh and Pakistan. India is exposed to the Indian Ocean and the Arabian sea
41
why is India's economy changing rapidly and why
- very large population who are very young and therefore working age - attracting foreign companies (FDI) - people are willing to work 100 hours for under minimum wage (very strong work ethic)
42
what is globalisation
the increasing independence of the world economically, culturally and politically
42
explain how India's economy has changed over time
- agriculture has decreased (primary jobs) - secondary jobs have roughly stayed the same - tertiary jobs are increasing - the amount of imports and exports are increasing meaning trade is increasing therefore making money
43
how has globalisation helped India develop
- government policy ( international links between countries, education levels were a high priority) - aid ( used to use international aid yet now the use has declined and send aid out to others instead) - role of globalisation (they attract FDI and TNC's because of the well educated, english speaking, transport and higher value of product making) - transport and communications (road systems increased as well as airports, railways and seaports
44
what are the impacts on the environment because of India's development and why
- has a heavy rely on coal as a huge source of energy ( creator of co2) - water pollution - increased deforestation - desertification
45
how has India's international role changed
- second largest market in the world - wanting to trade - high demand for goods and services
46
how did being part of the g-20 change India's international role
improved international cooperation as a group of 20 major developed and emerging countries
47
how has India's relationships with USA and EU changed their international role
cooperates in work around science, education and to help with issues such as climate change. imports and exports increased with them
48
what are the conflicting views on development
- foreign investment - changing international relations - poverty - urban and rural lifestyle
49
how did India's rapid development effect the country economically
interest for other countries to trade and TNC's set up in the country
50
how did India's rapid development effect the country socially
infant mortality rates and maternal mortality rates decreased life expectancy increased population growth has lead to more people in slums gender inequality is still not good exploited due to low/ lack of minimum wage
51
explain India's political context
- is a democracy - 29 states
52
explain India's social context
- most English speaking
53
explain India's cultural context
- no official religion - mainly Hindu and Muslim
54
explain India's environmental context
- climate ( monsoon rains for water supply yet causes flooding) - mountain ranges, deserts, jungles - many rivers

geography one (3 decks)

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